402 WHITMAN. [Vol. IV. 



of the male also ; e.g. J have often seen them on the head. How these 

 little packets of spermatozoa get into the vagina, and then up the uteri, 

 which are always full of embryos, I cannot conceive. The spermatozoa 

 exhibit a certain amount of vibratory movement, and no doubt, once 

 within the vagina, they are set free from the spermatophore and make 

 their way up the female generative tube, between the embryos and the 

 uterine walls. Inasmuch as the deposition of spermatophores lasts from 

 June until January, each female probably has a large member of sperma- 

 tophores deposited on her, and some of these are probably near the gener- 

 ative opening, and are, somehoiv or another, transported through it into 

 the vagina. 



" Fertilization is apparently effected in the ovary. I have never seen 

 spermatozoa in any part of the female apparatus except in the ovaries, 

 and in small numbers in the upper end of the oviducts at the time when 

 the ova are entering the latter." 



AUGUST GRUBER. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Generationsorgane der freileben- 

 den Copepoden. Zeitschr. f. iv. Zoology. 1879. p. 407. 



b. CoPEPODA. — Fertilization is accomplished by means of 

 spermatophores in the Copepoda ; but here the sperm-cases are 

 always, so far as known, affixed to the body of the female in the 

 immediate neighborhood of the genital openings, and the con- 

 tents are never forced through the body-wall. 



The whole history of the spermatophore has been carefully 

 traced out by Gruber. Its formation in Heterocope is considered 

 to be typical for the entire group. 



The vas deferens forms two secretions, one of which forms the 

 elongated, sausage-shaped spermatophore, while the other is 

 incased along with the spermatozoa. The spermatophore is at- 

 tached to the vulva of the female by one end, which is drawn 

 out into a tubular neck. As soon as this is accomplished, the 

 contents of the capsule begin to flow out, as the result of a sort 

 of histolytic metamorphosis which overtakes the larger part of 

 the inclosed spermatozoa. These swell up to pale spherules, 

 which grow larger and larger, fuse, and finally give rise to a net- 

 work of polygonal spaces. Meanwhile the inclosed secretion 

 has been gradually expelled, and now forms a slimy mass in the 

 vulva, into which, as a sort of secondary capsule, the remnant 

 of spermatozoa is driven. Oviposition follows. The eggs on 

 their way out of course meet the spermatozoa, and both are car- 

 ried out together. 



