CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ENCEPHALIC ANATOMY OF THE 
RACES. 
First Paper:—THREE ESKIMO BRAINS, FROM SMITH’S SOUND. 
BY 
EDWARD ANTHONY SPITZKA, M. D. 
Alumni Association Fellow in Anatomy, Columbia University. 
From the Anatomical Laboratory, Columbia. 
Wi1TH 20 TEXT FIGURES 
INTRODUCTION. 
A problem of great importance in the field of somatic anthropology 
is the correlation of the intellect of races with brain-structure. There 
are certain ethnic traits with which education or civilization have had 
nothing to do, and which are properties inherent in the complex struc- 
ture of the brain. In fact, the intellectual characters of the races ex- 
hibit remarkable differences; capacity and aptitude for learning are 
very variable; and since these are but the expressions of cerebral activity 
they naturally lead to attempts at explaining them in terms of corre- 
lated anatomical differences. One subdivision in encephalometry alone 
deserves especial study, that of the speech-centers,—receptive, emissive 
and associative,—a problem first essayed by Riidinger in 1882. The 
profound differences in scope and complexity of the many languages, 
assiduously studied by linguists and philologists, assumedly depend upon 
differences in the architecture of those portions of the brain concerned 
in the mechanism of the faculty of language. Of course, it must be 
admitted that the proposition is a difficult one to establish, but to 
assume that in the brains of races typical differences of cerebral sur- 
face-morphology exist, is a belief which even the meager amount of 
material that has so far accumulated, renders justifiable. What is to 
be attained in this view is the establishment of a systematic anthro- 
pological encephalometry. The efforts of our predecessors in this direc- 
tion may have seemed somewhat fruitless, but the more recent advances 
in this branch of science evoke increased exertion on the part of inter- 
ested investigators, increased admiration for the organ pronounced by 
the great Reil “die hichste Bliithe der Schopfung.” 
