R. R. Bensley 139 
surrounded by a glandless mucous membrane covered by a stratified 
squamous epithelium. Around the margin of this islet of fundus 
glands is a narrow row of cardiac glands and a continuous “ Grenzfalte.” 
Although the stomachs of the existing Ungulata have reached a 
considerable degree of complexity, anatomists have made out an inter- 
esting series of gradations culminating in the 
highly complex ruminant stomach. The sim- A 
plest conditions are found in the Perisso- 
dactyla and in the Pigs among Artiodactyla. 
In the former the conditions obtaining in the 
Tapirs, Horses and Rhinoceroses (Fig. 12, A, 
B and C) are very similar. The stomach is ex- 
ternally undivided. In the mucous mem- 
brane four regions are to be distinguished, an 
cesophageal region lined by stratified squa- 
mous epithelium, a cardiac gland region of 
some width intervening between this and the 
fundus region and finally a pyloric gland re- 
gion. The published descriptions are not 
quite satisfactory as regards the Tapirs but 
the evidence seems to be that the cesophageal 
portion is of much less extent than in the 
horse and rhinoceros, in both of which it forms 
a sac of considerable size, in the latter fully 
one-third of the stomach. In the Artiodac- 
tyla the simplest condition is found in the 
Suide (Fig. 12, A). Here the condition closely 
resembles that to be found in the Tapirs but 
the cardiac gland zone is more extensive. 
The next stage of complexity is found in the 
Peccaries (Fig. 13, B), the stomach of which is ae 
divided into three sacs, a middle one lined by _ Fra. 12. Stomachs of: A, 
stratified epithelium except at the point most Bidcoecton TGneeROReUTES 
remote from the cesophagus where a few car- a aaa 
diac glands are found, a left saccule lined by cardiae glands and a right 
saccule containing, according to Edelmann, fundus glands and pyloric 
glands, according to Cordier pyloric glands only. The stomach of the 
sheep (Fig. 14, A) is too well known to require any description. The 
stomachs of the Tragulide and Moschidx differ from those of the 
better known Ruminants in the absence of a Psalterium and in the less 
perfectly developed cesophageal groove (Cordier). The stomach of the 
