R. R. Bensley 153 
suggests, an earlier condition, common to the Camelide and the ances- 
tral forms of the other Ruminants. In the latter the condition has 
been effectively met by the occurrence of a second constriction marking 
off the-omasum, but in the Camelide the degenerative process has ad- 
vanced until only an extremely narrow zone of fundus glands remains. 
A similar explanation is suggested for the peculiar twniated colon-like 
stomach of the kangaroos, in which the sacculation may have for its 
object the retarding of the passage of the food mass from left to right 
in order to give greater time for the change in consistence referred to 
above. : 
A difficulty in the way of accepting this explanation of the origin of 
sacculation in the stomach is presented by the peculiar stomach of 
Myoxus in which a division into two chambers has taken place in the 
absence of degenerative changes of any kind whatever, and the peculiar 
teniated stomachs of certain Primates, Semnopithecus, ete., in which 
there is an cesophageal division, but a very slight development of cardiae 
glands. It is possible that an investigation of the latter by more dis- 
criminative cytological methods may reveal changes in the proximal 
fundus glands which would justify their interpretation as cardiac glands. 
Pilliet’s researches only indicate that the glands in question contain 
parietal cells, they do not give any information as to whether the chief 
cells which accompany these are pepsin-forming or mucin-forming. 
In conclusion, it may be remarked that if the hypothesis of Oppel, 
which is supported in the foregoing pages, that the cardiac glands are 
modified fundus glands is correct, it will be necessary to substitute a 
definition of the cardiac glands based on phylogenetic grounds, for the 
definition given by Edelmann. In the case of the human stomach in 
the cardiac glands of which both parietal cells and ferment-forming 
chief cells are present in small numbers, the distinction between cardiac 
glands and fundus glands might be dispensed with altogether. In the 
interests of comparative anatomy and particularly on account of the 
ereat extent of these glands in the pig, camel, peccary, ete., it seems 
desirable to retain the present classification and to define the cardiac 
glands as modified fundus glands occurring at the cardiac orifice of the 
stomach, or at the junction of the glandular and non-glandular divisions 
of the stoniach, or in special sacs, differing from the usual fundus glands 
in the reduction in numbers, or complete absence of the parietal or fer- 
ment-forming chief cells, or both, and by the increased number of 
mucous chief cells. 
