M. G. Schlapp 269 
of the inter-parietal suleus in front of the ape cleft. The observations in 
regard to this type in the human cortex do not agree and are not. conclu- 
sive as Von Monakow points out. His discussion of the three cases of 
Vetter, Grasset, and one of his own, together with a later case of Starr and 
MecCosh, permit us to conclude that it is fairly probable that in the monkey 
and man, the parietal area is in part the center for muscular sense, and as 
the sensory fibers (continuation of the lemniscus) run into the parietal 
lobe, the center for tactile, pain and temperature sense lies in part also 
there and probably extends to the anterior central gyrus. 
In the frontal lobe, lesions have occurred accompanied by no focal symp- 
toms, but in larger lesions confined to this region, peculiar changes in the 
individual’s character have been observed, such as loss of the sense of 
morality and decency. 
It has been found that all these areas show a nearly similar structure, 
namely, that of seven layers. In how far are we able to say they resemble 
each other functionally? Flechsig, basing his opinion upon his investiga- 
tions of the development of the medullary sheaths, declared the parietal 
lobe to be one of four association centers; the other three being in the 
frontal lobe, in the region of the island of Reil, and in the temporal lobe 
Flechsig also found, that the structure was the same in these different 
regions. 
That the parietal lobe is only an association center, as is believed by 
Flechsig, seems to be incorrect, considering the clinico-pathological observa- 
tions, and, according to the investigations of v. Monakow, the fibers con- 
tinue from the lemniscus, extend principally into the parietal lobe. 
Nevertheless, the structure of the parietal cortex is similar to that of the 
frontal cortex. 
The investigations of Golgi, Martinotti, Ramon y Cajal and Koelliker 
have shown, that in the layer of granule cells are found the cells of Mar- 
tinotti, or that mosv of these granule cells are Golgi cells of type II. The 
Martinotti cells possess ascending axones, which are partly distributed in 
the outer layer of tangential fibers, and partly end in horizontal fibers 
before reaching the outer layer. We can, therefore, judging from the 
course of the axones, say that these cells do not send out centrifugal im- 
pulses. 
The granule cells present the smallest numerical development in the 
motor area, but are found in great numbers in the parietal region, where 
they form a new layer. These cells are most numerous in the visual center, 
which undoubtedly is the most specialized center in the cortex of man and 
monkey. 
These granule cells—judging from their anatomical structure, from their 
position in the cortex, and from the fact that they are found in greater 
numbers in those centers in the cortex, in which probably a greater num- 
ber of centripetal impulses are received, while they occur in less numbers 
in those centers in the cortex, in which probably fewer centripetal impulses 
are received—probably are intermediate cells, which receive the centripetal 
impulses, and transmit them further by their ascending axones to the den- 
drites of the pyramidal cells (association and projectional cells), whence 
they reach their destination in a descending direction. Such impulses need 
