316 Granule Cells of Paneth in Intestinal Glands of Mammals 
more refractive. Ether and alcohol on the other hand dissolved the 
granules slowly and in diluted acids they disappeared instantly. By 
means of osmic acid and of picric acid he succeeded in fixing the gran- 
ules and the cells which contained them. Flemming’s fluid gave unsat- 
isfactory results. He regarded the cells in question as a special kind of 
glandular cell different from the goblet cell. Concerning the fate of 
these cells Paneth did not express himself definitely although he inclined 
to the view that they are completely used up in secretion and are replaced 
by mitotic cells farther up the gland. His attempts to show that this 
was the case by observing the effect of physiological stimulation, however, 
did not lead to the desired result, inasmuch as the cells were as numer- 
ous in the animals which had been fed as in those which were examined 
in a state of hunger. 
Nicolas, g1, also studied the granule cells and described at considerable 
length the different varieties of cells to be found in the bottom of the 
gland of Lieberkiihn. Some of these he regarded as secretory phases 
in the history of the cell of Paneth. Of these he recognized several, of 
which the following may be mentioned: (a) indifferent cells with clear 
protoplasm; (b) fine granulations appear in the protoplasm-primary 
granules; (c) the granules contain a safraninophilous body in the form 
of a crescent or semicircle, the rest of the granule staining in Flemming’s 
fluid; (d) the secretory activity has attained its maximum and the cell 
is completely filled with granules containing a safraninophilous body; 
(e) the cells expel the granules; (f) the cell contracting after expelling 
its contents assumes the aspect of the small narrow cell with deeply 
stained protoplasm; (g) the cell recovers itself and assumes the appear- 
ance of stage a. Nicolas also observed that in the later stages of secre- 
tion the nucleus became smaller, often irregular in shape, and stained 
diffusely, whence he concluded that the nucleus participated in the secre- 
tory activity of the cell. 
Bizzozero, 93, did not acept the conclusion of Paneth and Nicolas that 
the granule cells were specific glandular elements, but attempted rather 
to bring the facts with regard to them into accord with his theory that 
the glands of Lieberkihn were not in reality true glands, but merely foci 
for the regeneration of the surface epithelium, and to convert the appar- 
ently adverse fact of the occurrence of peculiarly organized elements in 
the bottom of the glands into an additional proof of the validity of his 
theory. He claimed to have found, in material from the intestine of the 
mouse stained in safranin and hematoxylin after fixation in Hermanns’ 
fluid, what he considered to be transitional forms between Paneth cells 
and goblet cells. In these preparations the mucin in the goblet cells 
