Sidney Klein 317 
was stained a violet color while the Paneth granules became red. The 
cells which were regarded by Bizzozero as transitional cells contained both 
small red granules and large blue mucin granules. As these cells were 
observed in an intermediate position in the gland between the Paneth 
cells below and the goblet cells above it seemed probable to Bizzozero that 
the mucin in them had been produced by the transformation of Paneth 
eranules. He assumed, therefore, that the Paneth cells were young 
goblet cells. : 
Subsequent investigators, however, among whom may be mentioned 
Moller, 99, Zimmermann, 98, Zipkin, 04, and Schmidt, 05, have failed to 
find the transitional elements described by Bizzozero, and have accepted 
the conclusion of Paneth and Nicolas that the granule-cells are specific 
elements engaged in a special kind of secretion. 
Schaffer, g1, described and figured these structures in the glands of 
Lieberkiihn of the duodenum and jejunum of man although he did not 
succeed in staining the granules. Zimmerman found that the granules 
stained strongly in iron hematoxylin in sections of human small intes- 
tine fixed in sublimate. He regarded the cells of Paneth as serous cells. 
Moller, 99, studied the structure of the glands of Lieberkiihn of a 
large number of mammals, chiefly in material fixed in a formaldehyde 
bichromate mixture, and stained in the Ehrlich-Biondi mixture, although 
he also used other fixing fluids for purposes of control, and applied the 
iron-hematoxylin method with good results. Moéller found that the 
cells of Paneth occurred in the intestinal glands of the mouse, guinea-pig, 
rabbit, ox, sheep, and horse. His results were negative as regards the 
cells of Paneth in the pig, cat, and dog, although he regarded the failure 
to find them in the first-named animal as due to a failure to fix the 
granules. Moller also found that the granules in different cells often 
exhibited different affinities for the stains employed, so that, for example, 
in sections stained in the Biondi-Ehrlich mixture some granules stained 
red, others yellow, greenish-yellow, or dark olive green. This difference 
he thought to be due to different functional conditions of the cells, the 
changes which the granule underwent from the time of its first formation 
in the cell to the time when it reached its mature form being indicated by 
its staining properties. In some cells he found indications of the fusion 
of the separate granules to a common mass which in part occupied the 
meshes of the cell framework, in part the wide lumen of the gland. 
These facts he regarded as undoubted indications of a real secretory 
activity on the part of these cells. He found no transitions between 
Paneth cells and goblet cells. 
