318 Granule Cells of Paneth in Intestinal Glands of Mammals 
Zipkin, 04, describes the Paneth cells of Inuus rhesus as present with- 
out exception in the bottom of every crypt, often lying beside one another 
in considerable numbers. The protoplasm of these cells always stain 
more deeply than that of the surrounding cells. 
Oppel, 97, described, in the glands of Lieberkiihn of Echidna, cells, 
at the bottom of the gland, the inner segment of which was finely granu- 
lar. The granules diminished in number as the mouth of the gland was 
approached and in the upper portion of it were wholly lacking. 
Schmidt, 05, studied the distribution of the cells of Paneth in the 
human intestine and confirmed the observations of Bloch, 03, who found 
them in practically every gland of the ileum and jejunum, as well as of 
the duodenum. In addition, Schmidt found Paneth cells frequently 
present in the glands of the vermiform appendix, although he was not 
able to find them in other portions of the large intestine except in three 
cases of pathological conditions. Concerning the occurrence of Paneth 
cells in the large intestine of the infant where Bloch claims to have 
observed them, Schmidt records a negative result in five newborn children. 
For the differentiation of goblet cells from Paneth cells Schmidt used 
mucicarmine by means of which he obtained a sharp distinction even 
in the foetal intestine. As far as the function of the Paneth cells is 
concerned he regards the fact of their absence from the intestines of 
even young carnivora as opposed to the conclusion which might be 
drawn from Bloch’s observation of their occurrence in large numbers in 
the large intestine of suckling infants, that they have something to do 
with the secretion of a substance which is active in the digestion of milk. 
He is rather inclined to the view that inasmuch as they are constantly 
present in the glands of herbivorous animals they affect some constituent 
of the vegetable food. 
As far as the occurrence of Paneth granule cells in lower classes of 
Vertebrata is concerned comparatively few references can be found in 
the lterature. Nicolas, 91, in the article already referred to mentions 
their occurrence in the lizard without stating the species examined, and 
KK. Bizzozero, 04, has described, in the depressions between the folds of 
the intestine in Teleostomes, cells which contain numerous granules 
stainable in haematoxylin but differing in their characters from the 
young goblet cells which occur in the same location. 
The last decade has been particularly fruitful in researches dealing 
with the morphology and microchemistry of glandular cells. As a result 
of these, new methods have been devised and new criteria established for 
distinguishing between zymogenic cells and mucous cells. In particular 
