554 H. W. NORRIS AND SALLY P. HUGHES 



there are four or more sympathetic gangha in Ichthyophis. In 

 the larva of Ichthyophis the writers find only one sympathetic 

 ganglion, corresponding to the second ganglion in Herpele (fig. 

 35) . In the adult Ichthyophis there are two sympathetic ganglia, 

 but the second ganglion may show constrictions, thus simulating 

 the appearance of a chain of ganglia such as Wiedersheim repre- 

 sents. Fischer describes one large sympathetic ganglion in 

 Siphonops with which the first and second spinal nerves anasto- 

 mose. Waldschmidt figures three or four sympathetic ganglia 

 in the same form. Marcus recognizes two sympathetic ganglia 

 in Hypogeophis. He derives the ganglia of the sympathetic 

 from the neural crest. In Dermophis there is no separate trunk 

 ganglion on the vagus, but there are two ganglia on the sympa- 

 thetic. Geotrypetes has two sympathetic ganglia, of which the 

 anterior one is fused with the glossopharyngeal and vagal trunk 

 ganglion. In the single specimen of Caecilia examined by the 

 writers there are three sympathetic ganglia on the right side 

 and four on the left. 



In Siphonops Fischer states that the first and second spinal 

 nerves pass into the single large sympathetic ganglion. In this 

 same form, according to Waldschmidt, the first four spinal 

 nerves anastomose with the sympathetic chain. Wiedersheim 

 sees in Ichthyophis the first spinal nerve passing through the 

 anterior sympathetic ganglion. In the larva and adult of Ich- 

 thyophis the wTiters find no anastomoses between the first and 

 second spinal nerves and the sympathetic ganglia, but that there 

 is a fibrous connection between the third and fourth spinal 

 nerves and the second sympathetic ganglion. In Geotrjrpetes a 

 ventral branch of the second spinal nerve comes into contact 

 with the second sympathetic ganglion, but there is apparently 

 no anastomosis (fig. 37). 



According to Wiedersheim, the sympathetic chain arises an- 

 teriorly from the trigeminus in Ichthyophis. The writers find a 

 similar origin in Geotrypetes, from the Gasserian ganglion. In 

 Dermophis the sympathetic trunk begins by four connections, 

 two each, with the Gasserian and geniculate ganglia. Marcus' 

 ramus recurrens VII is the anterior part of the sympathetic 

 chain connecting with the geniculate ganglion. 



