66 PLACE AND FIELD NAMES OF DERBYSHIRE. 
to Rome from Britain. Bears were at one time numerous in 
Portugal, Spain, and Britain. They continued in the North of 
England, including the Peak District, and in some parts of 
Wales, as late as the eighth century, and in the South up to the 
Conquest. They are also mentioned in the Penifential of Egbert. 
Domesday Book says that the town of Norwich, in the time of 
Edward the Confessor, had to furnish to the king annually one 
bear for baiting.* 
Of the deer, as might be expected, we find many traces ; such 
are, HARTSHORN, HARTHILL (2), HartsHay (2), HINDLow, 
DoEHILL, DoEwoop, Dor LEA, and RoEcARR, as well as the less 
obvious forms in DowEt (Buxton), and Dawcanxs (T.C., Walton). 
The red deer, or hart, now only found wild on the Forest of 
Exmoor, was formerly common in all the vast forests of this 
country. After the Norman Conquest they inhabited the Peak 
Forest, though sometimes they wandered so low as Ashford. 
Most of these deer perished in the great snow at the end of 
Queen Elizabeth’s reign, but some few lingered on till a later 
period. The prefixes, Aar¢ and hind, are indicative of this species, 
whilst doe and roe refer probably to the roebuck. The roebuck, 
though only now met with in some parts of Scotland, used to be 
common throughout the range of hills extending from Derbyshire 
into Scotland, and also in the mountainous parts of Wales. The 
fallow deer of our parks is not indigenous to this country, 
and was first introduced in the time of James the First. The 
laws that were passed for the preservation of these animals are 
almost incredible. By the 24th section of the Forest Charter of 
Canute, it was enacted that “if a freeman shall by coursing or 
hunting force a royal beast to pant and be out of breath he shall 
be imprisoned for a year. if an unfreeman, for two years, or if a 
bondman he shall be outlawed.” By the laws made immediately 
after the Conquest for the killing of deer within a forest, the 
penalty was imprisonment for a year, together with a fine at the 
“Whitaker, Hist. of Manchester, vol. ii. p. 97. Pennant, British Zoology, 
vol. i. p. 90. Lysons, Hist. of Derbyshire, p. ccxli. 
