I72 PLEISTOCENE DEPOSITS OF DERBYSHIRE. 
implements were found, several being of superior workmanship ; 
also numerous teeth and fragments of bones of the hyena, 
rhinoceros, and reindeer. The cave earth was the most 
productive of remains of both Pleistocene Mammalia and man. 
No species were found in the caves that did not also occur in 
this formation, some in great abundance, such as horse teeth, 
teeth and jaws (some very perfect) of the hyena, teeth and 
gnawed bones of the Ahinoceros tichorhinus, bones and teeth of 
the reindeer, a jaw and several teeth of the Irish elk, and some 
teeth of the cave lion, bear, and wolf. There were implements 
of quartzite and ironstone, some of considerable finish ; some 
resembling the ‘Choppers of Le Moustier, Le Madelaine, and 
of the British river gravels;” others like those at St. Acheul. 
The red sand contained comparatively few bones, and those, as 
a rule, very fragile—some being so far decomposed as to crumble 
as soon as touched. Intermingled with it were large patches of 
tough laminated clay, the sand around which contained much 
more moisture. Here the bones were in the best condition, and 
generally perfectly black, the most fragile being in the dryest 
places. In this bed I found three milk molars of Zlephas 
primigenius, several very perfect lower jaws of the hyzena : the 
most numerous were the bones of the rhinoceros, all gnawed 
down to one pattern, and the marrow portions scooped out at 
both ends. The teeth of the latter, as also those of the horse, 
were promiscuously scattered throughout the whole of this 
formation. Teeth and fragments of antlers of the reindeer were 
also found, and one molar of the bison. Some rude quartzite 
implements were found as well. 
It will thus be seen that in this interesting series we have seven 
distinct periods, which illustrate the gradual development from 
the rudely-wrought implements of the first Paleolithic hunter to 
the artistic relics of the British-Welsh refugees. Thus, the red 
sand containing the rude quartzite implements was intermingled 
with the remains of the rhinoceros, mammoth, and other extinct 
animals. Then a layer of stalagmite, during the formation of 
which the cave was evidently uninhabited. Next the cave earth, 
ES eS ee 
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