PLEISTOCENE DEPOSITS OF DERBYSHIRE. 178 
in which we find quartzite implements of superior workmanship 
to those in the layer below, and some very good implements of 
wrought clay ironstone. Flint chips and fine flakes begin to 
appear in all stages of wear. These are again intermingled with 
'a similar fauna to the one in the layer below. The reindeer, 
which had been scarce, here becomes numerous; the bison and 
Irish elk also begin to increase ; the cave lion, bear, and wolf 
appear for the first time. Then the second stalagmatic formation, 
representing another passive period, when the caves were again 
deserted. We then come to the breccia, and find flint instruments 
of a still higher order; and quartzite implements, similar to those 
found in the layer below, begin here to die out. These are 
again intermingled with a similar fauna. We have then another 
long period of repose during the formation of the top stalagmite, 
which in some places is of considerable thickness, and upon 
which is a superficial layer of surface soil, which produced a harp- 
shaped Romano-British brooch, richly enamelled; a flat lamina 
of bronze, pierced at one end; a carved head of the femur of the 
horse or ox, for the boss of the hilt of a sword or dagger ; 
fragments of Samian ware and Roman pottery, and a few human 
remains. These bring the history of the inhabitants of these 
caves up to what is known as the Historic Age, the whole 
representing a period of time whose length it would be unwise to 
conjecture. From some fragments of pottery found, in which 
were embedded fragments of limestone, Professor Boyd Dawkins 
considers they “may imply that the cave was used as a shelter 
by Neolithic tribes as well as by Paleolithic hunters and Romano- 
British refugees.” 
The entrance to the Church Hole Cave (Fig. 5) had evidently 
been used at a very recent period either as a stable or cowhouse, 
the breccia and cave earth being mixed with straw and litter. 
About twelve feet from the entrance was discovered the largest 
molar of the Zvephas primigenius found in the caves. It was 
eleven inches in width, by nine inches in height. It is now in 
the Derby Museum. Near this were three molars of the mam- 
moth, and three bone needles. Chamber B had previously been 
