ON THE MAMMOTH AT CRESWELL. 93 
ravine. It is merely a question of time for each cave to become 
itself a small lateral ravine. 
On the north or Derbyshire side of the ravine, and at the western 
end, is the ‘‘ Pin Hole Cave.” This cave is the one in which Mr. 
Mello, in 1875, discovered bones of the Arctic fox (Camis dagopus), 
thus adding that species for the first time to the British antral 
fauna. It was indeed the first explored of the caves at Creswell, 
which have now become of such high interest, from affording 
evidence of two periods of human occupation during the Paleolithic 
age in Britain, when man was contemporary in the Midlands with 
the characteristic Pleistocene fauna. It forms a narrow fissure, 
extending for over forty yards into the crags in a northerly direction. 
Its name is said to be derived from a curious ancient custom for 
each person who came to the cave to throw in a pin at a certain 
spot, and at the same time to take out another pin thrown in by 
a prior_yisitor. Mr. Mello, who has fully described this cave in 
the “Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,” gives the 
following section of its beds :— 
1. Surface soil, containing recent pottery, 
GOMES HRkCs.. sascnce esis soba chase. tbs 1 foot 6 inches. 
2. Damp red sand, with rough blocks of 
magnesian limestone, quartz, quartzite 
and other pebbles, and numerous 
DOMES GA. bs cciuce<peidccorer Coen sori eee 3 feet. 
3. Lighter-coloured sand, consolidated by 
infiltration of lime. No bones........ (?) 
In the red sand of this cave I, some time ago, discovered a portion 
of the jaw of a very young elephant, Z/ephas primigenius, or, as it 
is commonly termed, the Mammoth. 
According to Professor H. Alleyne Nicholson, elephants appear 
for the first time in the Upper Miocene (Siwalik formation) of 
India. Some geologists, however, refer the Siwalik formation to 
the Lower Pliocene. It is in deposits of Post-Pliocene age that 
their remains most abundantly occur, and of these the most familiar 
and the most important species is the Mammoth. In giving to it 
the specific appellation of primigenius, however, Blumenbach little 
