148 DUFFIELD CASTLE. 



side the outer ditch, that is, upon the crest of the counterscarp. 

 This was evidently intended to carry a palisade, and to fulfil the 

 conditions of the covered-way along the crest of one of Vauban's 

 counterscarps. Where the enclosure is circular, the mound is 

 either central, as at Pickering or Mileham, or at Old Sarum, 

 where it is possibly an addition to an older work, such as Badbury, 

 or it stands on one side, as at Tutbury. Where the area is oblong 

 or oval, the mound may be placed near one end, as at Bramber. 

 At Windsor and Arundel it is on one side of an oblong enclosure, 

 producing a sort of hour-glass construction, and where this is the 

 case a part of its ditch coincides with the ditch of the place. 

 Where the court is only part of a circle it rests upon a part of the 

 ditch of the mound. At Sarum there are two ditches concentri- 

 cally arranged. At Berkhampstead the mound is outside the 

 court. On the whole, as at Tickhill, Castle Acre, and Lincoln, it 

 is most usual to see the mound on the edge of the court, so that 

 it forms a part of the general enceinte of the place. Where the 

 base court is of moderate area, as at Builth and Kilpeck, its 

 platform is often slightly elevated by the addition of a part of the 

 contents of the ditch, which is rarely the case in British camps. 

 At Wigmore and Builth, where the mound stands on the edge of 

 a natural steep, the ditch is there discontinued. The base court 

 is usually two or three times the area of the mound, and some- 

 times, as at Wallingford or Warwick, much more. No doubt the 

 reason for placing the mound on one side rather than in the 

 centre of the court was to allow of the concentration of the 

 lodgings, stables, etc., on one spot, and to make the mound form 

 a part of the exterior defence of the places. 



" The mound and base court, though the principal parts, were 

 not always the whole work. Often there was on the outside of 

 the court and applied to it, as at Brinklow and Rockingham, a 

 second enclosure, also with its bank and ditch, frequently of larger 

 area than the main court, though not as strongly defended. It 

 was intended to shelter the flocks and herds of the tenants in case 

 of an attack. At Norham the castle ditch was used for this 

 purpose as late as the reign of Henry VIII. There are several 



