88 PETER OKKELBERG 



reached by Doncaster ('14) who says: ''It seems evident that 

 sex cannot depend on a chromosome alone for the chromosome 

 must act by its relation with the cell-protoplasm and it is on this 

 relation that sex determination depends." This same proposi- 

 tion is admitted by Morgan ('15). He says: "It is quite con- 

 ceivable that one or more of these other factors might so change 

 that the sex differentiation would become inoperative or even 

 change so that these other factors themselves become the diferen- 

 tiators that determine sex" (p. 95). He admits that the environ- 

 ment is one of the important factors that enters into the develop- 

 ment of every individual and that it is quite possible that it may 

 turn the scale and determine sex. Loeb ('16) accepts the cytologi- 

 cal evidences for sex determination by sex chromosomes, but speaks 

 also of a physiological basis of sex determination by specific sub- 

 stances or internal secretions. He thinks it possible that the 

 sex chromosomes may favor the formation of specific internal 

 secretions which are responsible for the formation of sex charac- 

 ters in the animal and that if it should be found ''possible to 

 modify secretions by outside conditions or to feed the body with 

 certain as yet unknown specific substances the influence of the 

 sex chromosome upon the determination of sex may be overcome" 

 (p. 228). 



From these statements it will be seen that the possibihty is 

 admitted by some of the foremost investigators of the sex prob- 

 lem that all germ cells carry the potentialities of both male and 

 female, and that after fertilization the egg may be inclined in one 

 or the other direction, but not so strongly that it excludes the 

 possibihty of a reversal in the other direction. There seems to be 

 at the present time a decided tendency away from the idea that 

 the sex chromosomes carry absolute sex determiners. We are, 

 therefore, no longer antagonistic to the idea that other sex factors 

 may exist, either in the cell itself, in the developing organism 

 which comes from the germ cell, or in the environment of the 

 cell or organism. 



5. Discussio?i of the hermaphroditic condition found in the lam- 

 prey in connection with other sex phenomena, not easily explained 

 by current theories, a. Normal hermaphroditism. The sex- 



