GERM-CELL HISTORY IN THE BROOK LAMPREY 99 



It was supposed by Goldschmidt that the sex potency varied 

 with the geographical distribution of the moth, and for this 

 reason it was decided to study the behavior of different local forms 

 of the Japanese moths crossed inter se and with European moths. 

 The result was that a great number of individuals were obtained, 

 which, for the various crosses, showed all intermediate conditions 

 between true males and true females; consequently, if maleness 

 and femaleness are represented as the end points of a series, say 

 one as zero and the other as one hundred, a given moth might be 

 represented by twelve, thirty-five, forty-two, etc. These ani- 

 mals do not represent a mixture of the primary and secondary 

 characters of the two sexes, but a definite point between the two 

 extremes, maleness and femaleness. Since the term gynandro- 

 morphism applies only to individuals showing a mosaic of char- 

 acters of both sexes, Goldschmidt discards this term; for in the 

 moths the entire individual represents a definite quantitatively 

 fixed point intermediate between the two sexes, and not a mixture 

 of the characters of both sexes. Such sex intermediates he calls 

 intersexes — female intersexes, if they are genetically female, but 

 transferred to some stage toward maleness, and male intersexes, if 

 they are genetically male, but transferred to some point in the 

 opposite direction. Goldschmidt has succeeded in breeding 

 every step from a normal female through the different intersexes 

 to a normal male ; also the steps starting with the normal males 

 and passing through the male intersexes toward the female up 

 to three-fourths of the way. Every single step can be produced 

 b}^ the right combination of races. The change in any given 

 direction is through the secondary characters first and the prim- 

 ary characters last. 



The explanation of the above condition appears to be that each 

 sex possesses the potentiahty of the other. In both sexes, irre- 

 spective of the zygotic constitution, both anlagen may become 

 patent; which one shall appear depends entirely upon the quan- 

 titative relation between the two potentialities. Applying sym- 

 bols and recognizing that the female is heterozygous for sex in 

 moths, Goldschmidt makes use of the following formulae: 

 FFMm = Female, FFMM = Male. The value of the sex factors 



