THE FORM OF THE HUMAN STOMACH 489 



names "antrum or atrium duodeni" but used the former in his 

 figures. Luschka (1863) refers to a flask-shaped expansion at 

 the beginning of the duodenum, which in his figure is called the 

 'antrum duodenale.' This structure will be seen to be far more 

 distinct in human embryos than it appears to be in adults. 



The cardiac antrum was first described by Luschka (1863) as 

 follows : 



At the junction of fundus and lesser curvature the oesophagus enters 

 the stomach, forming a funnel-shaped expansion — the cardia. Although 

 ordinarily the cardia is continued into the rest of the stomach without 

 definite boundary, in rare cases the funnel-like expansion is sharply 

 marked off by an external depression and corresponding internal eleva- 

 tion, thus forming a sort of cardiac antrum (p. 179). 



In 1869 Luschka adds that if this funnel is to be regarded as 

 part of the stomach, the beginning of which is not rather to be 

 considered at the base of the funnel where the stratified epithe- 

 lium ends in a zig-zag line (fig. 3), "then the funnel-shaped expan- 

 sion must be specially designated as the pars cardiaca." 



Thus Luschka proposed two names for a single structure; first, 

 cardiac antrum; and later, in case the antrum is to be regarded 

 as part of the stomach, pars cardiaca. The latter may be rejected, 

 since it is generally agreed that the cardia is at the base of the 

 cone, and that therefore 'cardiac antrum' is "merely another 

 name for the intra-abdominal part of the oesophagus" (Cunning- 

 ham). Moreover the earlier use of pars cardiaca, or cardiac^or- 

 tion, for the fundus and corpus taken together, was overlooked by 

 Luschka, and by certain later anatomists who have proposed -to 

 substitute Hauptmagen (His), saccus ventriculi (Hasse and 

 Strecker) and pars digestoria (Froriep). 



The fundamental subdivisions of the stomach and adjacent 

 parts of the digestive tube, as they have been defined in the pre- 

 ceding pages, are presented in figure 4 and in the following table, 

 with authority for certain of the definitions adopted: 



