516 WARO NAKAHARA 
Rickert (’92, ’93), Haecker (95), and vom Rath (’95) believe 
that the spireme first splits longitudinally and later segments 
into the haploid number of the chromosomes. Each segment 
then undergoes transverse segmentation. At the first matura- 
tion division the separation takes place along the longitudinal 
splitting which first appeared and the transverse division is 
effected at the second division. 
Paulmier (’98, 99) and Foot and Strobell (05) consider that 
the haploid chromosomes are produced by telosynapsis of the 
diploids and later they split longitudinally. The first division 
takes place along the line of the conjugation and the second one 
along the line of the splitting. 
In the views of Montgomery (’04), Farmer and Moore (’05), 
Mottier (05, ’07, ’09), Schaffner (07), Gates (’08, ’09, 710), 
Yamanouchi (’09), Farmer and Schove (714), and Nothnagel 
(16), the spireme segments into a haploid number of loops, 
each loop consisting of two chromosomes united end to end. 
These later bend to a side-by-side position and separate at the 
first maturation division. The duality of the spireme thread 
before it segments into loops is regarded as a precocious split 
for the second division. 
According to Winiwarter (’00), Gregoire and Wygart (’03), 
Gregoire (’04, 710), Berghs (04), Schreiners (’06 a, ’06 b), Rosen- 
berg (’04, 08), Overton, (’05, ’09), Allen (05), Miyake (’05), 
Tischler (05), Strasburger (05, ’08, 709), Janssens (05, ’09), 
Yamanouchi (08), Montgomery (711), Stevens (712), Wilson 
(12), Kornhauser (714, 715), Robertson (716), and Wenrich (’16, 
17), diploid chromosomes conjugate parasynaptically early at 
the leptozygotene stage. The spireme segments into the haploid 
number of pieces, each of these opens out along the line of the 
original conjugation, and the conjugants finally separate at the 
first maturation division. 
The citations given cover only a small part of the entire litera- 
ture relating to the topic, but they nevertheless represent the 
several modes of synapsis that have been suggested, and in- 
clude only those that are based upon comparatively accurate 
observations. 
