538 SIDNEY I. KORNHAUSER 
least interfere with any of the secondary sexual characteristics 
of the male half of the animal. As will be pointed out later, 
such examples as these have an important bearing upon the 
reasons given for changes seen in parasitized crustaceans and 
upon theories of sex based on general metabolic differences. 
‘Many cases similar to that of Wenke, and others presenting 
different internal conditions, namely, the presence of testes or 
the presence of both testes and ovaries, have been described and 
many of the most important cases up to 1909 reviewed by Meisen- 
heimer (’09). Recently, Duncan (715) has reported on several 
interesting gynandromorphs in Drosophila. Male and female 
soma together may be associated with the presence of either 
testes alone or ovaries alone. In the Lepidoptera, Cockayne 
(15) has presented every possible association of somatic sexual 
mixture with gonads of one or both sexes. In the lower Crus- 
tacea, Bremer ('14) describes two individuals of Diaptomus: 
the first had male somatic characteristics associated with the 
presence of an ovary; the second a female abdomen which con- 
tained a testis. Such anomalous forms of arthropods have 
interested not only entomologists and students of sex, but also 
geneticists and cytologists. The causes of gynandromorphism 
are generally looked upon as having a chromosomal basis. 
Boveri (715) believed that, in the lateral gynandromorphic 
EKugster bees, the spermatozoon united with one of the two daugh- 
ter nuclei formed by the parthenogenetic division of the female 
pronucleus, and that this zygote gave rise to the female half of the 
individual, whereas the unfertilized daughter nucleus produced 
the male half. His contentions are upheld by showing that the 
external characteristics of the female half are hybrid; those of 
the male half, maternal. Morgan (16), basing his contentions 
on Toyama’s (’05) silkworm gynandromorphs produced by 
crosses of different races, believes the male half in these cases to 
be formed by a supernumerary spermatozoon developing partheno- 
genetically in the egg cytoplasm, as the male half is paternal in 
its external characteristics. That parthenogenesis in moths can 
give rise to males has been shown by Goldschmidt (’17 a). Prob- 
ably the 2x condition is obtained in the male half by a doubling 
