604 SIDNEY I. KORNHAUSER 
Since somatic changes may occur in animals not castrated by 
the parasites, we must look for these changes as being due to 
other factors than the lack of gonads. Smith, in his Studies on 
the Experimental Analysis of Sex, always denied the production 
of hormones by arthropod gonads, and still, in his discussion of 
the effect of Stylops on Andraena (’14) he concluded that the 
reduction of the pollen-gathering apparatus of females and the 
appearance of male coloration of the face, as described by both 
Perez (’86) and himself, were accounted for by the reduction of 
the ovaries through parasitism; just as in the birds the absence 
of the ovary or the presence of a small non-functional ovary has 
as its consequence the appearance of the male secondary sexual 
characteristics. This explanation of stylopization is open to 
several objections. It omits consideration of the results of 
experimental castration of female insects. Likewise, in the 
Hymenoptera, to which order of insects Andraena belongs, 
gynandromorphs have been frequently found (Wheeler, ’03): 
the female portions of the soma appearing perfectly developed, 
although dissection of several individuals showed the absence of 
ovarial tissue. Likewise, in social bees, if the lack of develop- 
ment of ovaries would bring about the appearance of male char- 
acteristics or the reduction of female characteristics, the workers 
which are sterile females with small undeveloped ovaries might 
be expected to have small scopae and present various character- 
istics of the male. Smith’s standpoint, if we are to interpret it 
from his other papers on sex, might be expressed as follows: 
the absence of the ovary brings about these changes not because 
an ovarial hormone has been eliminated, but because there is no 
ovary present which makes a demand upon the vegetative tissues 
of the organism. This lack of demand for food material to be 
stored by the ovary brings about a change of metabolism, and 
also has as its consequence the somatic alteration already re- 
ferred to. Whether such a demand is normally made by the 
gonads of arthropods upon the soma will be considered later. 
All evidence points toward the conclusion that the soma of 
insects is in no way dependent on the gonad in its development. 
If this be true, we must dismiss in our analysis of the changes in 
