638 TOKUYASU KUDO 
JVIII, body no. 3145, age 20, good. 
JIX, body no. 3756, age 45, good. 
JX, body no. 3786, age 21, emaciated. 
JXI, body no. 3772, age 20, moderate. 
JXII, body no. 3781, age 32, good. 
JXIII, body no. 3770, age 61, emaciated. 
JXIV, body no. 3659, age 21, moderate. 
JXV, body no. 3729, age 28, good. 
The Japanese heads were separated from the bodies and in- 
jected with a carbol-glycerin-alcohol solution. The European 
and Chinese heads were first salted and frozen, were then ex- 
posed for a long time to formol fumes, and have been preserved 
for many years in alcohol. In order to preserve the color of the 
muscles, several heads were immersed in sodium chloride or 
sodium nitrate solution. In the preparation for study a prepa- 
ration needle was also used; furthermore, I have studied the more 
delicate fibers in alcohol or water as Eisler has done. 
I have made measurements of the muscles of the European and 
Chinese, mostly on both sides of the face; but with the Japanese 
I have always made the measurements on one side only. At- 
tention may be especially called to the fact that the differences 
of muscularization have been confirmed, mainly by direct com- 
parison of the preparation with one another by the unaided 
eye. The proportions based on measurements are not sufficiently 
trustworthy. 
Furthermore, it is to be noted that the majority of the European 
authors in their studies of the facial muscles of extra-European 
races do not show how they have compared these with the Euro- 
peans. One cannot discover whether the authors have prepared 
the European faces specially for this or not, what kind of prepa- 
rations they were, nor how many heads of Europeans were used 
for the comparison. In the comparison of the (evidently not 
numerous) relationships of facial muscles, it is absolutely neces- 
sary that they may be worked out by a juxtaposition of the 
dissections. 
