FACIAL MUSCULATURE OF THE JAPANESE 639 
At this place it is fitting that I express my heartiest thanks to 
Professor Doctor Adachi for his manifold suggestions and the 
liberal gift of the excellent material for unconditional use. 
My study divides itself into two portions: 
1. The individual facial muscle. 
2. The facial musculature as a whole. 
1 THE INDIVIDUAL FACIAL MUSCLES 
Platysma myoides! (figs. 1 to 3) 
In all of my material this muscle shows the greatest variety 
in the muscle configuration of the face, hence I have not as yet 
been able to discover any apparent difference between the Mon- 
golian (Japanese and Chinese) and European types. lLoth has 
rightly observed that it is erroneous to suppose that in a race in 
which one expects a primitive musculature of the face, the 
platysma should always be well developed. 
The negro has, at times, well-developed muscles (Chudzinski, 
Giacomini, Turner, Eggeling, Loth), at other times they are very 
poorly developed (Giacomini, Loth). Among the Papuans, as 
far as dissections have shown, the muscle is said to be well de- 
veloped (Forster, Fischer, Steffens, and Kérner-Eckstein). On 
the other hand, Fetzer has not expressly mentioned the primitive 
character of the platysma in the study of seventeen Hottentot 
heads. 
In general, in the Japanese and Chinese, the platysma fibers 
arising at the edge of the jaw are extensive and form a closed 
muscle plate, a fact which Birkner has observed in three Chinese 
heads. J have made a similar observation also on three Kuropean 
preparations (EIJI, EIV, EV). 
The fibers diminishing toward the corner of the mouth and 
directed toward the lower lip (pars labialis) run more trans- 
versely or upward and forward in the Mongolians and are not 
plainly separated from the bundles ascending in the orbitotem- 
1 For practical purposes the platysma is visible only in the cheek and neck 
portions of the separated head. 
