FACIAL MUSCULATURE OF THE JAPANESE 641 
However these types grade into one another and there are 
other possibilities of platysmal relationship. The divisions are 
therefore more or less arbitrary. 
JAPANESE| CHINESE ROE AN NEGRO 
(KUDO) (KUDO) (LOTH) 
(Birkner!) | (Kudo) 
As Acvew I. Sapa ane Ree, Ob neem neer ats oO 0 0 0 0 5 
yg OY St) 0s caches ee as cea eke Ca 2 0 0 0 5 
“ID NWf OS) LIL ooie a aeeaied Nectar eR eo WE 6 + 2 0 12 
‘TPS GOTE LL Ws ete Sem AUS Poe ae irae eet aE 5 2 1 4 2 
‘TDN 0 (eV UH Een Teen ey EO aa 1 0 0 2 12 
1 syq a eye} Ed Wade ar eitsia kus Ae ae an ee 1 0 0 1 0 
Number of half faces............. 15 6 3 a 36 
9 
1 After Birkner’s figures. 
Loth contends that the primitive relationships, which recall 
the primates, are relatively abundant in the negro. He calls 
special attention to the fact that types IIa, and IIIa are present 
in large numbers in Europeans. Likewise it is not exceptional 
that four of the seven half faces of my Europeans belong to type 
Ila. 
In the Mongolian types II and Ila are common. It may be 
noted here that the pars aberrans ascendens directed upwards is 
often bent forward over the cheek region like a bow and in two 
Japanese it divides the platysma-risorius (see also M. risorius). 
In its distribution the platysma is variously related to the 
adjacent muscles. In the negro the interweaving of the muscle 
with the M. triangularis, zygomaticus, quadratus labii sup., or- 
bicularis oculi, etc., has been observed many times. The muscle, 
in the Mongolian, is always covered with the triangularis and 
usually with the fibers of the risorius (figs. 1, 2, 3, and 7). In 
two Japanese and two Chinese (fig. 3) the platysma reaches the 
zygomaticus, where the fiber ends of the former cover those of 
the latter. Furthermore, in a Chinese (CII, fig. 7), the platysma 
reaches to the splitting up of the bundles of the orbicularis oculi; 
in a Japanese (JVI), beyond that point. 
JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY, VOL. 32, NO. 3 
