FACIAL MUSCULATURE OF THE JAPANESE 651 
4. Risorius spreads out into a fan pattern, forming together 
with the triangularis a closed muscle plate (figs. 3 and 7); 3 times 
in Japanese, 2 times in Chinese, none in Europeans. 
Birkner is also struck by the more powerful development of 
the risorius. According to the account of Chudzowski, this 
muscle in the negro is also more markedly developed; yet, as 
Loth remarks, this author has not seen the true risorius. Egge- 
ling has found the risorius better developed but once in five 
Hereros. 
The M. risorius is more rarely lacking in the Mongolian than 
in the black race. I missed the muscle only twice in fifteen 
Japanese heads, not once in my three and Bickner’s three Chinese 
heads. In the negro Loth enumerated fifteen cases out of thirty- 
five half faces, in which the muscle was entirely lacking (thus 
about 43 per cent). In the Hottentots Fetzer usually found the 
muscle lacking; that is, he found the muscle on both sides in only 
four heads out of fifteen Hottentots and on one side in only two 
more. Unfortunately, we have no account which tells us how 
often the muscle is lacking in Europeans. 
Blundschli divides the muscle into six types. The compiling 
of this classification is rendered difficult, however, by various 
transition forms. The approximate frequency of the types is 
brought together in the following table: 
NEGRO JAPANESE | CHINESE EUROPEAN 
(LOTH) (KUDO) (KUDO) (KUDO) 
‘TA 81S t al Uaioe arrears As tetak ae Reenter 15 2 0 1 
Ey ote Ih Renters acca a aaa 5 2 0 0 
‘TENG ofS) 1) OB LE doe ices tet Goa Nea 10 1 1 1 
HL ated INOS cata cenceet eee Paar ice teectees 5 3 2 1 
1 
IM OS Nic oer ree een eer tre 1 a 1 2 
ALN SX Wares researc eer 0 3 1 0 
Number of half faces...... 36 15 6 5) 
