FACIAL MUSCULATURE OF THE JAPANESE 655 
(figs. 6 to 8). As to the development of the muscle, its breadth® 
at different muscle levels is arranged as follows: 
Breadth at origin: 
Japanese (Kudo) 6.4 (5 to 10) mm. 
Chinese (Kudo) right 9, 8, 10, left 8, 9, 5 mm. 
European (Kudo) right 7, 7; left 7, 10, 10, 5, 5 mm. 
European (Chudzinski) average 8 mm. 
Negro (Chudzinski) 10.5 (8 to 18) mm. 
Breadth in the middle: 
Japanese (Kudo) 7.7 (6 to 14) mm. 
Chinese (Kudo) right 8, 12, left 11, 9 mm. 
European (Kudo) right 9, 10; left 8, 9, 11, 5, 5 mm. 
European (Chudzinski) average 7 mm. 
Negro (Chudzinski) 10.4 (6 to 14) mm. 
Breadth at lip insertion: 
Japanese (Kudo) 10.5 (6 to 20) mm. 
Chinese (Kudo) right 10, 10, 12; left 11, 9, 6, mm. 
European (Kudo) right 18, 14; left 11, 9, 6 mm. 
European (Chudzinski) average 25.35 mm. 
Negro (Chudzinski) 26 (13 to 32) mm. 
This muscle is never lacking in the Mongolians which have 
been investigated, and is very seldom absent from the Europeans 
(Otto, Macalister). The division into two (Macalister), three 
or four portions (Chudzinski, Popowsky) has not been observed 
in the Japanese and Chinese; but the eccentric orbicularis bundles 
often merge with this muscle (JV, JVI, JXI, and CIT) (figs. 1, 6, 
and 7), just as Birkner has observed in a Chinese head. In a 
Japanese head (JVII) the orbicularis bundles entering the muscle 
turn upward and mesad into the orbicularis ring. In a Chinese 
and in European heads the muscle is entirely separate from or- 
bicularis fibers (figs. 2 and 8). 
The muscle is often combined (in JIX, CII, EIT) with the 
platysma bundle; it is also covered by it. The direction of the 
fibers is more crosswise or transverse. Chudzinski has measured 
the space between the head of the muscle and the anterior end 
® Measurement is the breadth of the deeper head portion of the muscle where 
it is covered with the orbicularis bundles. 
