FACIAL MUSCULATURE OF THE JAPANESE 657 
now, its breadth from the edge of the eyelid has been taken as a 
criterion by authors. The following tables give the result of such 
measurement: 
1. Distance of the middle of the upper lid margin from the 
upper edge of the muscle (with the eye closed) : 
Negro (Chudzinski, Popowsky, Eggeling, Loth), 28.2 mm. 
Japanese (Kudo), 27.2 mm. 
Chinese (Kudo), right, 30 mm; left, 24, 25 mm. 
European (Kudo), left, 22, 30, 29, 30, 19 mm. 
European (Chudzinski), 16 mm. 
2. Distance of the middle of the lower lid margin from the 
lower edge of the muscle (with the eye closed): 
Negro (Chudzinski), 25.5 mm. 
Japanese (Kudo), 29.6 mm. 
Chinese (Kudo), right, 30, 37, 35; left, 30, 32, 35 mm. 
European (Kudo), right, 28; left, 29, 23, 25, 37, 28 mm. 
European (Chudzinski), 26 mm. 
3. Distance of the corner of the eye from the outer edge of the 
muscle (which can be computed quite exactly, because the contour 
of the muscle through the eccentric orbicularis bundles or the 
growth with contiguous muscles) is very little modified. 
Negro (Chudzinski), 26.1 mm. 
Japanese (Kudo), 31.1 mm. 
Chinese (Kudo), right, 30, 30, 30; left, 31, 32, 35 mm. 
European (Kudo), right, 28, 33; left, 29, 14, 27, 23 mm. 
European (Chudzinski) 22 mm. 
From this table is it apparent that the muscle in the Mongolian 
is broader in the lateral portion; the upper orbicularis portion is 
smaller than the under; in the negro the relationship is reversed. 
According to Chudzinski, the muscle is more powerfully de- 
veloped in the negro than in the European; likewise in the Hot- 
tentots. This is apparently the case also in the Mongolian. In 
the primates the muscle element situated over the edge of the 
orbit is generally weakly developed (Ruge). I have directly 
computed the distance of the outer edge of the pars orbitalis 
from the edge of the orbit; the result obtained is about the same 
as the measurement at the edge of the lid as given above. 
JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY, VOL. 32, NO. 3 
