FACIAL MUSCULATURE OF THE JAPANESE 659 
This shows that the outermost bundles at the lower medial 
margin, in Japanese and Chinese, are, as a whole, more strongly 
developed and often consist of larger fibers than in Europeans. 
At their origins, the bundles, together with the depressor super- 
cilii, often extend over the ligamentum palpebrale mediale; also, 
united with the caput angulare laterally below, they extend 
farther than the fasciculi deflexi toward the M. zygomaticus 
major (JVII, fig. 7) or minor (JVIII). According to Fetzer, the 
lower median bundle is usually present in Hottentots; this appears 
to be the case not infrequently in Europeans. 
The adjacent orbicularis, well distinct from the contiguous 
muscles in Europeans (Loth), is only distinguished with diffi- 
culty in Mongolians, as also with the negro (Loth, compare fig. 
8 and figs. 6 and 7) especially on the upper and lower margins 
the boundary of the muscle is not distinct. ‘The muscle often 
unites with the quadratus labii superius and zygomaticus to a 
compound muscle (fig. 7). 
M. depressor supercilir 
This is always found as a triangular muscle above the liga- 
mentum palpebrale mediale in Japanese and Chinese; no dif- 
ferences have been observed between Mongols and Europeans. 
- Loth has observed it considerably developed in a negro. 
M. corrugator supercilit 
This muscle, which comparative anatomy regards (Ruge) as 
an offshoot of the bundles of the orbicularis oculi occurring above 
the cleft of the lids, is frequently, both in Mongolians and Euro- 
peans (Macalister), not separated from the orbicularis oculi. 
Similar relations have been shown by Popowsky and Loth for the 
negro. According to Eisler, this muscle is readily distinguished 
from the frontalis by its coarse bundle formation. In the Mon- 
golian the muscle, together with the depressor, is generally fused 
with the frontalis, as in the negro (Chudzinski). It is seldom 
lacking in Europeans (Macalister) ; in the negro once out of five 
in the individuals (Eggeling). I have always found it in my 
material. 
