FACIAL MUSCULATURE OF THE JAPANESE 661 
European: left 50 mm. (Kudo); 82.5 mm. (Chudzinski). 
Negro: 78 mm. (Loth); 78 (62-93) mm. (Chudzinski). 
b. Measured in a curve: 
Japanese 76.1 (50-100) mm. (Kudo). 
Chinese: right 71, 71 mm. (Kudo). 
European: left 47 mm. (Kudo). 
Negro: 60 mm. (Eggeling’s 4 Hereros); 50 mm. ? (Livini); 
57 mm. (Loth, 2 negroes). 
The muscle is shortest in the median line and becomes in- 
creasingly deeper laterally so that the passage of muscle fibers 
into the galea forms an obliquely arcuate line (figs. 2, 3, 6, and 7). 
2. The greatest breadth of the muscle, about perpendicular 
to the course of the fibers, is about 55.4 mm. in the Japanese. 
A complete separation of the muscle into two halves has never 
been recognized in the Japanese and Chinese, likewise not in 
seventeen Hottentot heads, according to Fetzer. 
M. procerus nasi (figs. 1, 2, 3, and 6 to 8) 
This muscle is always well developed in the Mongolians; in 
the Europeans it may be occasionally wanting in one or both 
sides (Harrison, Macalister, Le Double). In the Japanese there 
is occasionally a considerable inequality of antimeric muscles. 
The passage of the muscle into the frontalis is the rule in 
Mongolians according to the literature, a complete separation 
appears opposite the frontalis; but in the European it seldom 
occurs. The facts in the case of the negro are not clear. In 
the Mongolians the superficial fibers of the muscle may reach 
the pars transversa of the M. nasalis farther up on the nasal 
cartilage, as is true of the negro, according to Loth. The direct 
junction of the procerus with the caput angularis, which seldom 
occurs in Europeans (Hisler), has been observed only twice in 
negroes (Loth), while I have come across it four times in the 
Japanese. . 
The antimeric muscles are hard to separate in the Mongolians. 
According to Chudzinski this muscle in negroes is on both right 
and left sides. 
