664 TOKUYASU KUDO 
terior margin of the auricularis. In negroes, Eggeling, who never 
observed an approximation of occipital fibers and the auricularis 
posterior, found a close approximation of this muscle to the 
auricularis superior (three cases in five Herreros). The occipi- 
talis fibers which reach the auricularis were often found (three) 
times) in Japanese (fig. 5) and in two Chinese (fig. 7); in JI they 
extend under the latter muscle. 
In the negro (Chudzinski, Popowsky) the anterior bundle 
reaches the otic conch. According to Eggeling, these bundles 
are continued to the conch, sometimes by distinct, sometimes by 
weakly developed tendinous strands. In a Japanese (JI) and a 
European head (EV) I found the muscle fleshy, even till it reaches 
the ear cartilage. 
M. transversus nuchae (figs. 1, 4, and 7) 
This muscle has many variations; in text-books and atlases it 
is variously figured. Two types, however, may be distinguished. 
The first type, the transversus nuchae (fig. 13) is a derivative 
of the auricularis posterior, that is, a median part (posterior) 
of the auricularis which becomes interrupted by the interme- 
diate tendon. This type is always connected with the auricu- 
laris bundles by means of transverse tendinous fibers. 
The second type (M. corrugator posticus Santorini, figs. 4 
and 8) has no direct genetic connection with the muscles of the 
ear. It is the residue of the platysma fibers which radiate pos- 
teriorly into the neck region. The ventral end of the fibers may 
connect directly with the principal bundle of the platysma or 
may be separated from the latter (Pabis and Ricci). 
Thus two types may always be readily distinguished. The 
muscle of the second type lies under that of the first, and, sur- 
rounded by thick, felted subcutaneous connective tissue, runs 
more obliquely caudad to the fascia parotida (M. occipito- 
parotoidea Chudzinski) or to the platysma. In the Mongolians 
it never arises directly nor by tendinous connections from the 
bones, but the fiber ends diverge more or less over the fascia of 
the neck. These differences of the two types are especially 
evident in the preparations which possess the muscles of both 
types, as I have observed in two individuals. 
