FACIAL MUSCULATURE OF THE JAPANESE 667 
M. auricularis inferior (Le Double) 
I have never been able to find anything like the so-called M. 
auricularis inferior in Mongolians. Of course, I have occasionally 
observed a portion of the platysma which runs close below the 
ear conch. 
M. auriculo-frontalis Gegenbaur (figs. 3 and 6 to 7) 
I have found this muscle distinct six times in fifteen Japanese 
(fifteen half faces), besides twice in Chinese (three half faces). 
The extent of the muscle varies with the individual. In com- 
plete development (in a Japanese) it appears as a single muscle 
plate over the temple and crown, arising in front from the orbic- 
ularis oculi, and uniting behind with an auricularis superior 
(fig. 6). ) 
In two cadavers (a Japanese and a Chinese) the auricular 
bundles radiate fan-like on the lower frontal section (fig. 3). As 
a rule, the thin pale muscle runs, with parallel fibers, over the 
temple and loses connection with the auricularis (fig. 5). 
The M. auriculo-frontalis has been found in six out of thirteen 
negroes (Chudzinski, Eggeling, Popowsky, Loth) and in two out 
of seventeen Hottentots (Fetzer). In Europeans only Ruge 
states that the muscle occurs ‘nicht ganz selten.’ Sappey con- 
siders it constant, since, on temples apparently free from muscles, 
the microscope still demonstrates muscle bundles; but he says: 
‘‘Mais sa minceur est extréme, et telle, que huit fois sur dix 
e’est 4 peine si l’on peut le distinguer 4 l’oeil nu.” 
2 THE FACIAL MUSCULATURE AS A WHOLE 
Before considering the facial musculature as a whole, I desire 
to give the following short résumé of the literature relating to 
this subject. 
In the negro (better, black race) the superficial muscles of the 
head, according to Chudzinski and others, are strong and greatly 
developed. Giaccomini (cited by Loth), on the other hand, is 
the only one who has not expressly mentioned the primitive 
character of the facial muscles of the black races. 
