668 TOKUYASU KUDO 
On the basis of the examination of four Hereros and a Herero 
child, Eggeling says that the relatively frequent presence of 
certain features, which have been regarded by Ruge as primitive, 
and the similar coincidence of several such characters in the same 
half faces distinguish the facial musculature of the Hereros from 
that of the European. Loth, who has compiled the scattered 
literature on the muscle system of various blacks, with refer- 
ence to his own observations on the negroes, demonstrated a 
tendency toward a fusion of the single muscles or the formation 
of an almost united muscular layer in the face, a conception 
which has been confirmed by most of the students of the negro 
(Hamy, Chudzinski, Popowsky, Eggeling). Eckstein worked 
on the muscular system of a negro foetus, Hans Virchow on the 
facial musculature of sixteen negroes; the latter author states 
that the muscles of the negro are always more strongly developed 
than those of the stronger Europeans, are inclined to strati- 
fication, and that the fibers are coarse and are not exactly parallel. 
As for the Papuans, the facial musculature of two newly born 
individuals studied by Forster constitutes “das klassische Bei- 
spiel atavistischen Zustinde.’’ He mentions a stronger develop- 
ment, a very plump appearance, yet often no plain separation 
of single bundles to form special muscular entities, which could 
cause the delicate shades of facial expression. Fischer also finds 
in two adult Papuans an essential agreement with Forster’s 
newly born individuals. Steffens and Korner, studying a newly 
born Papuan, contradict much of Forster’s account which he 
regarded as pithecoid in character. 
In the Hottentots, as the result of Eggeling (a child) and Fetzer 
(seventeen individuals) show, the muscles of the face, lying 
between and around the mouth and eyes are somewhat bulky 
and undifferentiated; the single units are not so isolated and not 
so widely separated from each other as we are accustomed to see 
in Europeans. He declares, with apparent probability, that 
here the type of facial muscles corresponds to a lower grade of 
development of the human race. 
In the Mongolians Birkner has already shown that his three 
Chinese heads are distinguishable from those of Europeans by 
