FACIAL MUSCULATURE OF THE JAPANESE 669 
a more restricted division of the facial musculature. In his in- 
vestigations on European, Chinese, and Japanese heads (the first 
two on which have been used by me in this study) Adachi has 
recognized two types of facial musculature: 1) All facial muscles 
strongly developed, coarse-fibered, and criss-crossed; 2) the 
facial muscles weakly developed, finely fibered, and little criss- 
crossed. He found, however, no special racial difference and 
only states that the first type usually appears in the broader- 
faced forms and the second in the narrower faces. 
In the Europeans the head muscles have been exhaustively 
investigated from many angles. Since the results have, for the 
most part, not been given on a per cent basis, it will not do, in 
the search for racial anatomical differences, to evaluate the con- 
tributions of literature directly as a basis of comparison. 
The results reached by my own investigations make it im- 
possible for me to set up a single conclusive racial difference 
between Mongolians and Europeans. However, I will not 
deny simply on the ground of facial musculature that racial 
differences are present. I find differences between the Mon- 
golians and Europeans which cannot well be explained as pure 
individualities. If, for example, one compare figure 7 (Chinese) 
and figure 8 (European), it is evident at first glance that in the 
former the face is strongly muscularized and little differen- 
tiated; in the latter, on the other hand, it is delicately built and 
well differentiated. The fact that these two chosen extreme 
cases belong to two different races may not be entirely casual. 
Among the fifteen Japanese neither the case present in figure 7 
nor figure 8 is found. I have observed cases similar to those 
above cited very often. At least, it is an extreme case when the 
two conditions cited have not been found. 
Also, in a general consideration of the musculature of the face 
as a whole, it is not too venturesome to assert that the Japanese 
and Chinese are separated from the Europeans by a somewhat 
smaller differentiation; that is, a tendency of single muscles to 
fuse superficially into a single plate; also, by greater development 
and greater extent of the musculature, just as other students 
have proved for the black race and for others. 
