FACIAL MUSCULATURE OF THE JAPANESE 671 
2. The muscles of Mongolians (Japanese and Chinese) which 
function as dilators of the mouth appear to be less divided than 
in Europeans. In the Mongolians the muscles are generally 
difficult to distinguish from one another, are more extensive and 
coarser. In the Mongolians the triangularis fibers, for the 
most part, are spread out, fan-shaped, along the margin of the 
jaw. 
The M. risorius is generally present in Mongolians (twice in 
fifteen Japanese half faces, never in Chinese, 43 per cent in negroes, 
33 per cent in seventeen Hottentots. The M. transversus 
menti also occurs frequently (without exception in fifteen Jap- 
anese and three Chinese, 60 per cent in Europeans, 30 per 
cent in the negro). In Mongolians, as a rule, the three parts of 
the quadratus labii superior fuse into a single plate; further, 
the caput zygomaticus, constantly present in Mongolians, is 
distinguishable with difficulty from the neighboring muscles. 
°3. The musculature around the eye is more strongly devel- 
oped in Mongolians (especially in Chinese), as I have found by 
comparison with five Europeans. The bundles radiating at the 
lower median part are especially strongly developed. The 
separation of the muscle from its surroundings is usually not def- 
inite (connection with the M. zygomaticus and M. quadratus 
labii superioris). 
4. The epicranius shows no noteworthy difference between 
Japanese and Europeans. The junction of the muscle of either 
side along the median line in the region of the middle third of 
the muscle follows the same plan as that in the European (and 
also in the negro). 
5. Likewise, I find no special difference in the muscles in the 
vicinity of the conch in my material. Nevertheless, it might be 
desirable to undertake an investigation of the ear muscles in 
more extensive material, in which eventually a racial difference 
might be discovered. 
It may be noted that the M. transversus nuchae is more 
frequent in the Japanese (negro 58 per cent, Japanese in half of 
the cases of half faces, Europeans 37 per cent). The (M. auric- 
ulo-frontalis was found six times in the Japanese (fifteen half 
faces) and once in the Chinese (three half faces). 
