No; 25] GRAMMICOLEPIS BRACHIUSCULUS. 295 
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shown, and it has a vertical neural spine movably articulated 
with its centrum. The succeeding spines, firmly fused with 
their centra, gradually become slenderer, longer, and more 
inclined backwards, to again become nearly vertical in the mid- 
series of the column, to incline once more as we approach the 
caudal end. 
In Grammicolepis the ventral parial apophyses at first support 
the freely articulated ribs with their attached epipleural appen- 
Figure 13, — Left lateral view of the anterior end of the vertebral column of 
Grammicolepis brachiusculus, the first vertebra removed; life size from the specimen. 
dages, but in the seventh vertebra the capitulum of the rib 
completely fuses with the apophysis, and as the latter lengthens, 
the two become indistinguishably blended. The first and sec- 
ond vertebre do not support ribs, and in the third pair only, 
they articulate high up on the sides of the centrum, at the base 
of the neural arch. 
