174 EDWARD L. RICE 
mentary anterior end of the pterygoid process described in 
Lacerta. Schauinsland (’03) figures a similar fragmentation of 
the anterior end of the processus pterygoideus in a late stage 
of Sphenodon, and describes the entire process as very long, 
extending forward from the pterygoid bone upon the trans- 
versum (not palatinum, as erroneously stated in an earlier 
paper, 700). 
In Lacerta Gaupp describes the pterygoid process as contin- 
uous with the epipterygoid. ‘This is not the case in the later 
stages of Eumeces, in which these two cartilages are clearly dis- 
tinct, but in stage 2 the continuity is beyond question. In this 
stage I am also unable to distinguish the articular cartilage as 
an element distinct from the basipterygoid process. The two 
are represented by a confluent mass of procartilage, which also 
connects, dorsally to the pterygoid bone, with the more ad- 
vanced cartilage of the epipterygoid and pterygoid process. 
Gaupp (’05 b) has also noted the connection of the rudiments of 
the basipterygoid process, articular cartilage, and epipterygoid 
in early stages of Lacerta. 
The processus basipterygoideus is well developed in lizards 
and Sphenodon (Schauinsland, ’00; Howes and Swinnerton, 
701); Gaupp (712) reports that it is present in some snakes. In 
turtles it was long unrecognized, but has been described, in 
greater or less development, in Emys (Fuchs, ’10; Gaupp, 710; 
Kunkel, ’11, ’12 b), Podocnemis (Gaupp, 710), Chelone (Fuchs, 
12), and Chelydra (Nick, ’12). It is probably present in other 
species in which it has not yet been observed. In the crocodiles 
it is apparently wanting, although Gaupp (705 b) suggests its 
possible presence in very rudimentary form—‘‘eine Andeutung 
scheint vorhanden zu sein.”’ Shiino (714) denies its presence, 
emphasizing the substitution of an avian processus basitrabe- 
cularis for the more reptilian processus basipterygoideus. The 
structure is thus very widely distributed in the reptilian series; 
its absence in the Crocodilia Gaupp (12) interprets as due to 
degeneration. The homology of the basipterygoid process with 
the ala temporalis of the mammal, proposed and discussed in 
detail by Gaupp (700), is generally accepted, at least as later 
