CHONDROCRANIUM OF EUMECES 201 
land (’03) in Sphenodon; and in an embryo of Lacerta vivipara 
Gaupp (91 b) records the processus pterygoideus as composed 
of three more or less isolated fragments. That the processus 
pterygoideus and the epipterygoid are confluent in earlier stages 
of Eumeces has been noted. In stage 5 these structures are 
rather widely separated from the quadrate; but in stage 2 a 
band of young cartilage or procartilage extends backward along 
the pterygoid bone and connects with the articular extremity 
of the quadrate. A similar condition is described by Gaupp 
(91a, 791 b, 705 b) in Lacerta. Thus the processus ascendens 
(epipterygoid) and processus pterygoideus are brought into their 
normal relations to the body of the quadrate. This homology 
gains in force from the much more complete and more persistent 
connection with the quadrate in the lizards, Mabuia, Zonurus, 
and Eremias (Broom, ’03), the crocodile (Gaupp, ’05 b, citing 
and confirming Parker, ’83; Shiino, 714), Sphenodon (Schauins- 
land, ’00; Howes and Swinnerton, ’01; Fuchs, ’12), and the turtles, 
Chelydra and Dermochelys, (Nick, 712), Chelone (Parker, ’80; 
Nick, 712; Fuchs, 712), and Emys (Filatoff, ’06; Noack, ’07, if, 
as is probable, the ‘prootic’ of his figures represents the combined 
pterygoid and ascending processes; Kunkel, *11, 712b). The 
separation of the processes from the body of the quadrate in 
the lizards Furbringer (’04) correlates with the free motion of 
the quadrate in this group; in this connection Gaupp’s record 
(05 b) of the absence of processes in the very simple quadrate 
of the snake is significant. 
While the quadrate character of the epipterygoid and processus 
pterygoideus is almost certainly established, the relations of the 
articular cartilage or meniscus pterygoideus (fig. 1, c.art.), lying 
between the processus basipterygoideus and the pterygoid bone, 
are far less clear. This, also, is held by Gaupp (’91 a and later 
papers) to belong to the dorsal part of the mandibular arch; 
this view is accepted as probable by Fuchs (’09). In early stages 
of Eumeces the articular cartilage is clearly confluent with the 
common rudiment of epipterygoid and processus pterygoideus, 
which suggests a genetic relationship; on the other hand, it is 
also continuous, in these early stages, with the processus basi- 
