CHANGES FOR ADAPTATION IN THE MOLE 375)5) 
The former, in the act of digging, moves the dirt upward and 
backward. The flexion of the digits also assists this process as 
this results in making the manus more scoop-like. The move- 
ment of the forearm is such as to carry the manus nearly edge- 
wise in almost any direction depending on the position of the 
humerus. The combined movements of extension of all these 
parts result in thrusting the manus forward, palm out, until the 
TABLE 1 
Showing the number of vertebrae in the different groups of moles as described by 
various authors 
Sd eSelieae cella 
GENERA AND SPECIES AUTHOR S ela = z CI 
Bn Gly at 1iS 
1S) is) 4 n to) & 
Walpa Curopaea. ...0 0222s. -as--| Llower, 85 ls) jay |) Waly) ee 
Malwpareuropweay si. yeas aw. es! Belle"39 TENA) 0h, |] | aN 38) 
ala, curopaeay vs 2/2205) essere Cuvier, hy, MN gLd|sOm|cOw ley delaras 
sp ANCHE GH alte tans tee 22h | Cuvier, aed) 7 | 141 5-|5 | IL} 42 
Mala CACCEi Naa seis. so- (bis Gems e. | ell, 739 7 || ae tas) Gy aM) iP ee 
Talpa (species not given)........ Mivart, 67 Melsie 
Talpa (species not given)........ de Blairville, ’21 14| 6 |4-5 
Talpa (species not given)........ Owen, ’66_ 14/5 | 5 
Scalops (mole shrew)............| Cuvier, ’17 Call Sal Ge |elOn 42 
Scalops (species not given)........ Bell, 739 | C PLING LO 42 
Sealops (species not given)........ True, ’97 @ | 14) 5|)6) 11 | 43 
Scalops aquaticus................| Mivart, ’67 14/5 |5) 11 
SCHlOPSHAGQUA ICUS. mim sehideer rac. Slonaker @ | 14) SuicG ie 1s) 43 
Scapanus californicus............. True, ’97 7 | 14| 5 | 6 |18-14/4546 
Scapanus californicus (irwe) 2": } Sienaites 7viliisle6| 14/1 46 
Scapanus latimanus\:). «26h. 4254: 
CongylUTa-Crishatac splat de si Cuvier, 717 i) VS Gel oa. te 48 
Condiyduralentstatans oo... -ceae True, ’97 7 Vals) Go|) | aly) at 
claws project slightly beyond the snout. The combined flexion 
brings about the reverse movement and results in forcing back- 
ward and upward a scoop of dirt coupled with a forward move- 
ment of the animal. The whole process resembles very closely 
the movements in man when swimming. 
The number of vertebrae in the moles varies with the species. 
In fact, different investigators have not always agreed on the 
same number for a given species. This is exemplified in table 1. 
