9 
GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY. 135 
made a section on Cheyenne cafion, a tributary to upper West Bear creek, in 
which the distance from the Kiowa to the Tertiary was found to be 145 feet. Of 
this thickness, twenty-five feet was sandstone and the rest clay shales. Iron- 
stone concretions are abundant in all parts of the formation, and by their pre- 
vailing dark-brown color render the slopes conspicuous for long distances. In 
this locality leaves were found in nearly every horizon above the Kiowa, becom- 
ing more abundant in the upper layers. On the east bank of Chatman creek, 
not more than a mile from Cheyenne canon, the first leaves collected in the 
locality were found by Doctor Ward, in 1897; and from this place the best collec- 
tions of the region have been obtained, although dicotyledons have been found 
in greater or less abundance in every outcrop in the county. 
The Cimarron-Bear Locality.— Under this head have been included a num- 
ber of isolated exposures of the Dakota in the extreme southwestern part of the 
state. These deposits of sandstone are cut off from the other outcrops of this 
group by more than 100 miles of Tertiary. It is along the bluffs in the valleys 
of Bear creek (which must not be confused with Bear creek in Clark county) 
and the Cimarron river and their tributaries that the dark-brown sandstone out- 
erops. Point of Rocks, in Morton county, a line of bluffs on Bear creek, in 
Stanton county, and several exposures between these, on the North Fork of the 
Cimarron, are referred to this group. The line of outcrops extends beyond the 
limits of the state into Colorado. For the most part, the rock is soft, rather light 
brown in color, and contains much clay shale. It is in demand for building pur- 
poses only because it is the only rock found in the region. Leaves are reported 
from the bluffs of Bear creek, and persistent search can scarcely fail to be re- 
warded in a formation that is so uniformly fossiliferous. 
The Arkansas River Locality.—Along the Arkansas river, from Dodge City 
to Great Bend, a line of low bluffs runs parallel to the river on the north side. 
These bluffs are composed of Dakota sandstone, and are capped by the Tertiary. 
They are, in most places, from two to five miles back from the river; in one 
place only does the river wash the bluff. This is three miles east of Ford City. 
At but two points are the bluffs in any way conspicuous: at Pawnee Rock and at 
Jenkins bluff, near Larned. Pawnee rock, on the old Santa Fe trail, isa bold 
shoulder projecting into the valley. The rock in this locality is quite hard, 
sometimes almost quartzitic, and is being blasted away to furnish building stone. 
Pawnee rock covers perhaps an acre, and the face of the cliff is some thirty feet 
high. From its tcp a narrow ridge runs back half a mile or more to the main 
line of bluffs. This spot is famous for the tales of terror connected with Indian 
massacres, 
Near Larned, on the north side of the Pawnee river, the sandstone forms a 
number of prominent bluffs. The most conspicuous is Jenkins bluff, three 
miles west of the city, near the site of old Fort Larned. This hill is about 150 
feet high, and exhibits the usual sequence of shales and sandstones. Fossil leaves 
are found both at this place and at Larned. The sandstone bluffs extend fora 
number of miles up Pawnee river and Walnut creek, both of which enter the 
Arkansas from the north. Toward Great Bend the line of bluffs recedes from 
the river, and the sandstone finally disappears beneath the Upper Cretaceous de- 
posits on the divide. between the Arkansas and the Smoky Hill. 
SMOKY-BLUE AREA. 
Under this head will be included all the region that drains into the Kansas 
river. The line of outcrops here, as in other localities, runs northeast and south- 
west. Six principal tributaries of the Kansas, flowing southeast, cut this line 
