156 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 
man’s ranches being especially noticeable. At the noted cave section in eastern 
Ellsworth county there is a fine spring, the delight of picnic parties, for which 
the place is a famous resort. On the vertical cliff of sandstone above the spring 
may be seen Indian pictographs, which would seem to indicate that the aborigi- 
nes were in the habit of frequenting the place. Unfortunately these hiero- 
glyphics, which have so far escaped the ravages of time, are now being destroyed 
by visitors carving their names over the pictographs. ‘This vandalism is the 
more to be deplored, because of the fact that the picture-writing, once destroyed, 
can never be replaced. It is but a few years at most until these records of a for- 
gotten people shall have been obliterated. In Washington county, Kansas, 
where the Dakota has typical development, springs are abundant. Southwest 
of Washington, the county-seat, there are several that have a strong and persist- 
ent flow. Near Hollenberg, in the northern part of the county, springs issue 
near the base of the sandstone and supply the small streams which flow into the 
Blue river. Those on the farm of Jonathan Alden are worthy of special mention. 
Near Bond’s mill, referred to above, along the bluffs south of Mill creek, there 
are dozens of springs that issue from the sandstone ledge near the base of the 
Dakota, immediately above the Permian. The water is, in some instances, piped 
for half a mile or more to farmhouses along the base of the bluff. 
The largest area of Dakota in Nebraska, near Endicott and Fairbury, con- 
tains hundreds of springs. They flow into creeks which are tributary to the 
Blue. Those on the farm of Edward Case, a mile east of Endicott, are known 
throughout the country; while others on Whisky run, northwest of Fairbury, 
are nearly as strong. One of the most typical springs in the state is on the Rob- 
inson farm, a few miles south of Beatrice, where the water is carried in a pipe 
for half a mile, under a ravine and into a tank, where it furnishes an abundant. 
supply for several hundred cattle. In the valley of Salt creek springs are abun- 
dant. On Haines branch, especially, salt- and fresh-water springs issue all along 
the bank for several miles. On the Platte river, from Plattsmouth to Ashland,. 
of the hundreds of springs but one need be referred to. It is the one at the state 
fish hatchery, a short distance above South Bend. The spring issues from the 
sandstone in a deep ravine, and furnishes water for some thirty reservoirs in 
which the fish are bred. 
From Blair to Tekamah, along the bluffs of the Missouri river, there is a con- 
tinuous row of springs. Above Tekamah these become more frequent, and along 
the ‘‘bench road’”’ between that city and Tekamah, a distance of sixteen miles, 
there are an equal number of strong springs, besides many smaller ones. In the 
following enumeration, beginning at Tekamah, the name given is either that of 
the owner of the farm upon which the spring is located, or else the local name by 
which the spring is popularly known: Shafer’s, John Latta’s, Rath’s, Davis’s, 
C. H. Johnson’s, Marrow’s, J. Laughlin’s, Marsh spring, Stanton’s, Golden 
spring, Landig’s, Tippery’s, H. Bussie’s, A. White’s, Decatur spring. Of these, 
Tippery’s spring is known as an artesian spring, and is said to throw water to 
the height of sixteen feet. Golden spring has the strongest flow of any spring 
in the Dakota group, so far as observed. It has long been a famous stopping- 
place for freighters. Professor Capellini, in describing his trip from Tekamah to 
Sioux City, in 1863, gives an account of the spring, of which the following is a 
free translation: 
‘*A spring of water, fresh and crystalline, is located half way between Tekamah 
and Decatur; on account of the color of the rock over which it flows it has re- 
ceived the name Golden spring (Source d’or). Some small shrubs surround it 
and give to the place a very picturesque aspect, and Marchantia polymorpha 
