509 



Id 1889 appeared the very valuable paper of Steinbach. This 

 investigator in addition to his study of fetal and infantile spinal 

 columns examined in Berlin 83 adult spinal columns, 23 from the 

 musuem and 60 from the dissecting room. 35 were female and 48 

 male. He found the following frequency of variation in the precaudal 

 region : 



1) Spinal columns with 24 presacral vertebrae . . 74, 89.1 % 



a) Normal vertebrae L i oq( 6^? 75.9 % 



b) Anomalies in presacral region 1, 1,2 % 



7 c, 11 t, 1 tl, 5 1, 5 s, 5 Co. = 34 (1 M.) 



c) Anomalies in sacrum 10, 12.0 7o 



7 c, 12 t, 5 1, 5 s, 1 sCo, 4 Co = 34 (4 M. 4 F.) 



7 „ 12 „ 5 „ 5 „ 1 „ 3 „ = 33 (2 F.) 



2) Spinal colum with 23 presacral vertebrae ... 3, 3.6 % 

 7 c, 12 t, 4 1, 1 Is, 5 s, 5 Co =34 (2 M.) 



7 „ 12 „ 4 „ 1 „ 5 „ 1 sCo 4 Co == 34 (1 F) 



3) Spinal column with 25 presacral vertebrae . . 6, 7.2 "/o 

 7 c, 12 t, 1 tl, 5 1, 5 s, 5 Co = 35 (2 M.) 



7 „ 12 „ 1 „ 4 „ 1 Is, 4 ,; 1 sCo, 4 „ = 34 (1 „ ) 



7 „ 12 „ 6 „ 4 „ 1 „ 4 „ = 34 (1 „ ) 



7 „ 12 „ 5 „ 1 „ 5 „ 4 „ = 34 (1 „ ) 



7 „ 12 „ 5 „ 1 „ 4 „ 1 „ 5 „ = 35 (1 „ ) 



From this table it may readily be seen that in the skeletoms 

 examined variation in the precaudal region was far less frequent in 

 the female than in the male. In the caudal region, however, variation 

 is more frequent in the female, the tendency being toward a reduction 

 of the female coccyx. 



Paterson (1892), while treating primarily of the sacrum, gives 

 a list of vertebral variations in 132 spinal columns, 36 of which were 

 complete and 96 complete except for the coccyges. The results are 

 here tabulated: 



1) Spinal columns with 24 presacral vertebrae . 118, 89.4 "/o 



a) Precaudal region normal 93, 70.5 7o 



b) Anomalies in presacral region 2, 1.5 7o 



t 13, 14, s 5 



55 II5 55 "5 55 ^ 



c) Anomalies in sacrum: 



I ^ ^\ 



c 7, t 12, 1 5, s 6 L 2 ... 20, 15.2 % 



ißoth 14^ 

 „ 7, „12, „5, „4/5 3, 2.3o'o 



