510 



2) Spinal columns with 23 presacral vertebrae . . 7, 5.3 7o 



11 t, 6/5 1, 5/6 s 

 12/11 „ 4/Ö ,, 6 „ 



12 „ 4 „ 6 „ (4) 

 12 „ 5/4 „ 5/6 „ (1) 



3) Spinal columns with 25 presacral vertebrae . 7, 5.3 7o 



12 t, 6 1, 5 s (4) 

 12 „ 6 „ 6 „ (2) 

 12 „ 6 „ 4 „ (1) 



Paterson found less frequency of variation in the adult than in 

 the fetal skeletons studied by him. In this he differs greatly from 

 Steinbach, as he does also in the number of vertebrae he finds most 

 frequently in the coccyx. According to Steinbach their number is 

 five ; according to Paterson, four. This latter statement accords with 

 the findings of Staderini (1894). This investigator studied 100 skeletons 

 derived from the civil hospital at Florence and found a 



Coccyx with 4 pieces, 60 times 



w -11 5 „ 26 „ 



3 1 7 



The numerical variations in the precaudal vertebrae were as follows: 



1) Spinal columns with 14 presacral vertebrae . . 89, 89 % 



2) Spinal columns with 23 presacral vertebrae . . 7, 7 7o 



6 c, 12 t, 5 1, 5 s, 4 Co = 32 



7 „ 11 „ 5 „ 5 „ 1 sCo, 3 „ = 32 (3) 

 7 „ 11 „ 5 „ 6 „ 3-4 „ = 32 (2) 

 7 „ 11 „ 5 „ 5 „ 4 „ = 32 



3) Spinal columns with 25 presacral vertebrae . . 4, 4 7o 



7 c, 13 t, 5 1, 5 s, 4 Co = 34 (2) 



7 „ 12 „ 6 „ 5 „ 4 „ = 34 (2) 



Staderini also gives valuable measurements of individual vertebrae. 

 Branchi in 1895 brought out a paper on the vertebral variations found 

 in 130 Scienese sekeletons. These he divides into two groups, those 

 from the sane and those from the insane; and each of these groups 

 he suddivides according to sex. In the following table I have left 

 out of account the subdivision of the skeletons based on the sanity 

 of the individuals from which they came. The number of skeletons 

 examined is too small to admit of valuable deductions concerning 

 difference in frequency of variation in the sane and insane. 



1) Spinal columns with 24 presacral vertebrae . 115, 88.5 7o 



Male 50 

 Female 65 



