ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 143 
to urine. This was done by saturating cotton and cheesecloth with urine and 
using it as bait in a glass-jar type of lead-in trap, with a small funnel opening. 
The experiment had only negative results. 
Pearson (Gudger, 1930a, 180) collected Urinophilus erythrurus on a bit of 
floating fresh meat, demonstrating a chemotropism for meat or blood on the part 
of that species. Marcoy described a similar episode in which a turtle shell with the 
meat cut away was both bait and trap for swarms of carnero. 
My own efforts in the field warrant only the following conclusions which are 
briefly summarized without much discussion: 
1. The occurrence of the several ‘“‘carnero” species along beaches, among sand 
and rocks, and their possession of retrorse, opercular spines like those of the Pygi- 
diidae in general, show these fishes well fitted for holding their places on the beds 
of rapid streams. The evolution of this intrusive manner of living into a parasitic 
one, with the use of the spines as holdfasts, is not difficult to imagine. 
2. A single specimen, described by Myers as Urinophilus diabolicus (q.v.), 
was recovered from a Pseudoplatystoma, half inserted into the abdominal cavity. 
This seems an indubitable case of parasitism, but shows no special probability of a 
urinophilous tropism, as the point of entry was at some distance from the vent. 
A similar case was reported by Ternetz to Myers (Gudger, 1930a, 183). 
3. Trapping experiments were wholly negative and inconclusive. 
4. My host at the Rio Pacaya, Sr. Medina, showed me a scar at the groin which 
he attributed to the ‘‘carnero,” but admitted that he did not have opportunity to 
make a satisfactory identification of his assailant. 
5. There is a universal agreement on the part of the inhabitants as to the exist- 
ence of urmophily, but no agreement as to the form or identity of the urinophile. 
In all the lowland regions visited the inhabitants were reluctant to enter the water 
at all, and did so only with some protection to the genitalia. Bathing was com- 
monly engaged in as a daily, or twice daily, ritual. But it was nearly always done 
by dipping water over the person with a dipper or long-handled calabash, and 
on the stationary rafts at the water’s edge. Some households afforded a riverside 
enclosure, or bath-house, built on the raft landings, for greater privacy. Among 
the better-class whites and mestizos the bathing-hours were apportioned. (This 
practise, as reported by Algot Lange, somewhat mistrusted by Gudger.) 
6. No specimens were collected which were sufficiently small to effect an 
entrance to the urethra. 
7. The mechanics of making the alleged entrance would seem impossibly 
difficult, and would meet with such prompt resistance, as to be but rarely success- 
ful, especially in the case of males. 
8. It has been suggested that the odor, the salt, or the warmth of urine might 
be the attracting stimulus. At least in the case of the piranha blood is well shown 
to have such an attraction. 
9. There is more reason to regard the behavior of the candirv, or candiris, 
as cases of parasite attacking a potential host, attempting to attach itself anywhere, 
at random. Of this there is no reason for entertaining doubt, in the light of 
