ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 347 
an incipient myodome; teeth conical; pelvic fins absent; larger than most Cyprino- 
donts, often with forked or emarginate caudal fin.’ (Mvyers’ synopsis of the sub- 
family). 
Figenmann (1920, Copeia no. 89) studied the possible affinities of the genus to 
Empetrichthys, of Nevada. Mainly on the structure of the pharyngeals and the 
mutual lack of ventral fins he found them so nearly alike as to warrant including 
J 
4. 
Fic. 42. Gigging for Orestias in Lake Umayo. In the highlands of Peru where no wood is 
produced, such poles as the boy in homespun is using must be imported from lower elevations. 
Hence his economy in making the pole serve both for propulsion and for fishing. His bulrush boat 
is of the smallest size. 
them in the same genus. Both, he argues, were carried up to great elevations with 
the rise of their mountainous habitats from the sea. Both are the inhabitants of 
the quieter waters and unlikely to have invaded the highlands from below, unlike 
the Astroblepus and Pygidium of those waters with their great climbing ability. 
The juvenile stages of all the species are convergent, funduliform, while the 
adult fishes diverge, tending toward an upturned mouth, a widening and angularity 
of the shoulder region in some species; striate scales, sometimes smooth, in other 
