ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 385 
making we might consider the numerous classical examples of protective form, such 
as that of the walking-stick, and protective coloration, applied in some measure to 
most animals. In none of these cases would we speak of them as mimicry. These 
factors exist in greater or less perfection, either protective form alone, protective 
coloration alone, or in varying degrees in combination. Species with colors blend- 
ing with those of the background, and more or less unusual body form also re- 
sembling the animal’s background, are not at all uncommon. We may still be 
unable to consider them as good examples of mimicry. They may be only good 
cases of protective resemblance. 
Protective resemblance may be thought of as a good name for a phenomenon 
consisting of elements in varying degrees of perfection called protective coloration 
and protective form, which are doubtless associated with discrete genes. 
In the most perfect cases of protective resemblance it might be argued that 
they have reached the threshold of actual mimicry, but for the sake of a definition 
let us say that they fall just short of it, that they lack the psychic element. Yet 
Nature affords examples in which the psychic factor is as evident as in the small 
boy in the policeman’s costume. Many animals assume attitudes and go through 
movements similar to the models after which they are formed. A third factor 
climaxes the whole drama, that of protective behavior. An animal species re- 
sembling some other object in its environment in form, color, and behavior is a 
very good mimic, whether or not we have a sufficiently broad view of itsevolution 
to understand the steps by which it came into being. Whether or not we may say 
that the species as a whole has responded to the model after which it is patterned, 
or that its evolution has been directive, still the individual member of the species 
does consciously imitate the model in its behavior. The psychic factor is the 
“priceless ingredient” which finishes our definition of mimicry. 
We might put the meaning of the above paragraphs as follows: 
OLE CVC TOUNUD aA aes Lea) 
- Protective resemblance) 
Protective coloration.......... -Mimicry 
Protective behavior. . . 
Monocirrhus is a form which admirably exemplifies all the factors of mimicry. 
It is true that a photograph, a dead specimen, or a drawing may not be especially 
convincing, even to an open mind. The scholar in the museum, the laboratory, 
or the library might well remain skeptical as to this performance. We may con- 
cede that seeing the living fish in an aquartum might also fail to convince. But 
in the natural background of the forest pool, with its bottom strewn with dead 
leaves, and the fish in the midst of them, there is no room for doubt as to the 
actuality of the phenomenon. 
Dr. Julian Huxley recently wrote (Cott; Adaptive Coloration in Animals, 
Preface): ‘““Among a certain section of experimental biologists, any time in these 
last thirty years, it has been fashionable, and indeed almost a matter of professional 
conscience to display a radical skepticism on the subject of adaptations, especially 
