no 



HODGE. [Vol. VII. 



state that the amount of vacuolation must be considerable and 

 its presence in the cells general, if we are to consider it a sign 

 of pathological change, still I doubt if pathologists realize the 

 amount of shrinkage and vacuolation which may occur in normal 

 fatigue. As to the other forms, fatty or pigmentary degenera- 

 tion of chronic atrophy in paralytics and drunkards, sclerosis, 

 the calcification oi plaques jaunes, etc., fragmentation of nuclei, 

 etc., there is no doubt as to their pathological nature. 



For the spinal ganglia Angelucci (4) in cases of chronic and 

 acute myelitis and paralytic insanity describes among other 

 changes a shrinking up of the nucleus, its outline becoming 

 " Stelliforme," and finally it disappears. Similar appearances 

 are found by Miiller (55, PI. I, Fig. 7) in normal ganglia and 

 described without explanation as degenerated nuclei. Rosen- 

 bach (68) obtained about the same results, shrinkage and dis- 

 appearance of nucleus with vacuolation of protoplasm, from the 

 spinal ganglia of dogs which had been starved. And Lewen 

 (42) finds the same appearances in the ganglion of the vagus 

 nerve in consumption and exhausting disease of heart and 

 stomach. He attributes them to deficient nutrition. R. Schulz 

 (74) from examination of twenty cases draws the generalization 

 that pigment increases in the ganglion cells of the spinal cord 

 with age and impaired nutrition. Whitwell (84) describes vacu- 

 olation in the nucleus of both large and small pyramidal cells 

 of the cortex in cases of dementia, especially when following 

 epilepsy. Mamurowski (50) describes a case of death from pro- 

 gressive paralysis due to alcoholism, in which the peripheral 

 nerves showed degeneration, but no change was observable in 

 either brain or spinal cord. The above represents but a few of 

 the observed changes which might be sifted out of the literature 

 of the subject. 



In the line of experimental pathology, beside the experiments 

 just referred to, Rosenbach (69) has found degeneration of 

 fibres and atrophy of ganglion cells in the cord of dogs in the 

 neighborhood of compression. In fact, the Russians have done 

 considerable work of this kind, and from the title of several 

 of their papers, I had expected to find the subject of normal 

 fatigue treated. I was, however, fortunate enough to obtain a 

 reading of the more important articles, and found them, in 

 purpose and idea, pathological. For example, Anfimow (i) 



