Bk\N-D-Eii, Movements of the Neurone. 253 



(a) by slight shrinkage of the protoplasm, (b) by lessened power to 

 stain or to reduce osmic acid, (c) by vacuolation.^ Andriezen in 

 1894 reported (i) on (the then unpublished) researches of Tuke and 

 Mann which support the conclusions of Hodge. His own researches 

 on changes in the nerve cells in the case of chronic alcoholism are also 

 corroborative of the same conclusions. The work of Mann (66) fol- 

 lowed immediately on that of Hodge. His researches on the sympa- 

 thetic, motor and sensory nerve cells are important because he em- 

 ployed normal modes of stimulation. He shows that during the repose 

 of the cell, the chromatin accumulates in the nucleus, while during 

 the cell activity this stored-up material gradually disappears. The peri- 

 od of rest is accompanied by a turgescence of the protoplasm, of the 

 nucleus, and of the nucleolus. In the fatigued cell the nucleus and 

 nucleolus have a very sinuous outline, that is, as Deyber says, are very 

 irregularly contracted. This is true also of the protoplasm. Further 

 researches by Lugaro (63), by Ballet and Dutil (9), by Pugnat (82), by 

 Marinesco (68 and 69), by van Gehuchten (39 and 40), by Nissl (73, 

 74> 75> 76* 77> 78), Soukhanoff (102 and 103), and by Stefanowska 

 (104) are cited. The general conclusions are the same, except that 

 Lugaro (63) maintains that it is the gemmules only which contract in 

 different functional states, and that it is not their contraction but their 

 expansion which is characteristic of sleep. The changes in the nerve 

 cells which have been observed by these various investigators may be 

 grouped under three general heads : (a) changes in the reaction to the 

 stain, either as to the amount or the coloration of the stainable sub- 

 stance, (b) changes in the form or contents of the nucleus and nucleo- 

 lus, (c) changes in the volume or character of the cell body. In the 

 valuation of this evidence we must carefully distinguish between 

 changes in form and changes simply in the contents or chemical reac- 

 tions of the cells. The former only are relevant here. 



In addition to the foregoing observations, certain researches show- 

 ing changes in the dendrites and gemmules are regarded by Duval and 

 Deyber as particularly convincing. Deyber first briefly states the argu- 

 ments for the existence of the gemmules during life. He cites in sup- 

 port of his view Ramon y Cajal (17 and 18), Schafifer (97), Edinger 

 (33), Azoulay (7), Monti (70 and 71), and Berkley (12 and 13). But 

 it is upon the researches of Demoor, Stefanowska, and Manouelian that 

 he bases his argument. Demoor (26) took three sets of dogs. He 

 killed one by injection of morphine. Another, after being subjected 



^ This summary is taken directly from Hodge. For some reason Deyber's 

 citation is very inaccurate. 



