The Morphology of Cosmobia 357 



the numerous cases of primarily symmetrical beings that are less than 

 a normal being, such as cyclocephali and symmeli (eyclops and siren 

 monsters). These, like the diplopagi, are represented by complete series 

 of forms which connect the extreme cases with the normal by imper- 

 ceptible gTadations. The similarity of the two sets of symmetrical 

 abnormalities that lie upon either side of the normal is apparent from 

 the exact correspondence in detail between similarly incomplete members 

 of both sets, such as a median double leg or a median double eye, ichether 

 they represent the two normal components as in the one case or the two 

 supernumerary ones as in the other. 



This recognition of the kinship between these forms of defective 

 monsters and diplopagi seems an important logical step, since it enables 

 us to construct an almost unbroken series (or rather several related 

 series, differing in their geometrical relations) which begin at the 

 most defective evclocephalus or symmelus; progress step by step until 

 the normal condition is attained, and then again, passing this point, 

 run through the various grades of diplopagi to the stage represented by 

 separate duplicate twins. There are even suggestions of possible ex- 

 tensions of the series beyond this point, for we have not only identical 

 triplets and still higher numbers of separate "duplicate" individuals, but 

 there are also certain cases of monsters which suggest intermediate 

 stages between these and duplicate twins, such as cases of twin births 

 in which one is a normal individual and the other a double monster^, or 

 cases in which a multiplication involving a part of the organism has 

 progressed beyond the degree of two components and thus represents 

 a stage between two and three components. - 



This series may be stated as follows, it being borne in mind that the 



inter-relation of the components may involve more than one geometrical 



possibility and that the phenomenon may not include the entire bodv : — 



1. Cases in which the entire individual, or the part involved, is 



less than a normal individual. 



Va) The "Monstrum Anglicum," born at Fishertou Anger, near Salisbury, 

 England, in 1664 (to Mrs. John Waterman). This was an imperfect female 

 isfhiopagus, with legs upon one side only. At the same birth there was a 

 normal daughter who lived to grow up. Licetus, ed. 1665, p. 316. 



(b) Fisher's case 43, born near Berlin, Germany, 1773 (to Frau Anna Maria 

 Woblack). This was a male of the "Toeci" type (A VI of my Table, '04, 

 PI. A). At the same birth there was a normal male child. 



Both of these cases are rather old. but seem to have been accepted by later 

 teratologists. 



''Forster, Taf. IV, Fig. 12, Tricephalus. 



