No. 3.J THE INADEQUACY OF THE CELL-THEORY. 645 



ganization be accomplished at once, before cells are formed, or 

 gradually, while cell-formation is going on. 



If we no longer hesitate to accept Briicke's view that the 

 functions of the cell are proof of organization, although our 

 best microscopes fail to give us any idea of what it consists in, 

 it certainly ought not to be difificult to regard the &g^ as a 

 young organism, and the developmental phenomena as proof of 

 organization. Such organization is, in fact, conceded when we 

 speak of the ^^'g as the rudiment of an organism ("Anlage 

 eines Organismus," O. Hertwig), but, nevertheless, we go on 

 insisting that cellular structure is the essence of a higher 

 organization. 



We are so captured with the personality of the cell that we 

 habitually draw a boundary-line around it, and question the 

 testimony of our microscopes when we fail to find such an 

 indication of isolation. We have so long insisted on these 

 boundary-lines as limiting homologies that we find it extremely 

 difficult to ignore them. How difficult it is, for example to 

 regard a multicellular nephridial funnel as the exact homologue 

 of the unicellular funnel. If the organ consist of one cell, the 

 tube is z'^^/ra'-cellular ; if of many cells, then it is z;//^r-cellular. 

 But we have the "tube" and the "flame" just as perfect with 

 one cell as with many, as Vejdovsky's studies make very 

 certain. How idle, then, to deny homology between two 

 such organs merely because one is ijitra- and the other inter- 

 cellular. And yet that is precisely what we have been accus- 

 tomed to do. 



Now this one case illustrates, as I believe, a general truth of 

 no little importance. The nephrostome is a nephrosto7ne all the 

 same whether it consist of one cell, two cells, or many cells. Its 

 form, and function are both independent of the mmiber of com- 

 ponent cells. Cells nittltiply, bjct the organ remains the same 

 througJioiit. So far as homology is concerned, the existerice of 

 cells may be ignored. 



May we not go further, and say that an organism is an organ- 

 ism from the Qgg onward, quite independently of the number 

 of cells present } In that case continjiity of organization would 

 be the essential thing, while division into cell-territories might 



