220 Gastric Glands of Dog after Gastroenterostomy 
ever, in nine or ten cases for ulcers in the part of the duodenum proximal- 
ward from the anastomosis, where they have been reported after similar 
operations on the human subject. They did not appear in my dogs. 
RESULTS. 
1. Degeneration.—Examination of sections shows that immediately 
after the operation there is degeneration of the glands which are struck 
by the knife or included in a suture. This process is limited to a very 
few glands which lie next the line of operation. Not more than three 
or four are affected. Sometimes the glandular elements undergo degen- 
eration in situ but frequently are cast off, some of them preserving the 
structure characterizing them in the healthy mucous membrane, but 
most of them showing evidence of degeneration. In preparations of two 
and four day stages there are constantly found in immediate proximity 
to the lines of incision, masses of débris which give evidence of their 
derivation from all forms of glandular elements. They occupy the 
lumina of glands or le free on the surface of the mucosa. Occasionally 
they contain intact cells retaining their nuclei and cytoplasmic structure, 
but these are not numerous and for the most part the cell contents have 
no enclosing membrane or definite outline, and those of one cell are not 
marked off in any way from those of neighboring cells, but all form a 
common mass in which elements of various cells are found distributed, 
retaining their power of acting specifically with stains. Zymogen 
granules, usually extremely coarse, and resulting perhaps from the con- 
fluence of smaller ones, appear in neutral gentian preparations in con- 
siderable numbers, and copper-chrome-hematoxylin preparations show 
many characteristic parietal cell granules, while in many places the sub- 
stance between the granules shows a positive reaction with muci-carmine. 
The body chief cells are the first of the glandular elements to show 
evidence of degeneration. Their nuclei become swollen and pale, and 
poor in chromatic material, each containing usually a single small mass 
of chromatin, although a few nuclei contain several small chromatic 
bodies. In a few the nuclear membrane is broken down and the karyo- 
plasm distributed throughout the cell. The cytoplasm usually contains a 
few large zymogen granules but no basal filaments or organized prozy- 
mogen. As Garnier, 97, has pointed out, prozymogen is probably com- 
plex and unstable, and in cells injured by the operation, whatever of it is 
present at the time is probably at once transformed into zymogen gran- 
ules and no more is produced. The cytoplasm of most cells contains also 
many vacuoles, and in all cells it is reduced in amount. 
The parietal cells are more resistant than the chief cells and con- 
