230 Gastric Glands of Dog after Gastroenterostomy 
the inflammatory process, which might disappear upon the termination of 
the inflammation. Since these cells afterward resume their former 
characters and function in spite of the persistence of the new pylorus, 
it seems necessary to conclude that they undergo a mucous transforma- 
tion simply because they are in an inflammatory condition, and not 
because they play the part of pylorus and therefore, in response to a 
great biological law which requires the morphological adaptation of struc- 
tures to correspond to the performance of new functions, undergo a 
transformation making them like pyloric cells. Such a mucous trans- 
formation is common in inflammatory conditions in the stomach. Meyer, 
89; Hayem, 92; Ewald, 93; Boas, 94; Schmidt, 95; Popoff, 97, and 
many others report it as occurring in gastritis. Sachs, 87; Schmidt, 96; 
Leuk, 99, and many others report it in ulcer. Bockelmann, 02; Lubarsch, 
and others have described it in carcinoma. Cade, 03, has described it 
at the surface opening of a fistula leading into a stomach pouch isolated 
from the general gastric cavity of a dog. 
Most pathologists regard this mucous transformation as a retrograde 
change, and it is frequently referred to as a mucous degeneration. 
Letulle, o0, speaks of it as a “ probably irreparable” change. Cade be- 
lieved it to be permanent. He observed it six and a half months after 
the operation of gastroenterostomy in the dog and laments the lack of 
preparations of later stages, in which he expected to find the changes 
much more pronounced. I made two preparations of the six and a 
half months stage, in one of which the ferment cells extended to within 
three glands of the anastomosis, and in the other they extended quite 
up to it. In the ten months’ preparation they extended quite to the 
anastomosis, and the glands containing them, although lying next to 
duodenal glands and not separated from them by more connective tissue 
than is usually found between adjacent gastric glands, nevertheless did 
not differ in any essential particular from normal gastric glands in 
the fundus region. (Fig. 3.) Cade, 03, reports also certain other 
observations which he made of conditions in which this mucous trans- 
formation of ferment cells was found persistent for long periods. In 
the experiment mentioned above, in which a fistula was made in a dog, 
putting a stomach pouch made in the fundus region in communication 
with the surface of the body, he found, six and a half months after 
the operation, that at the orifice of the fistula the chief cells of the 
bodies of the glands had become transformed so as to resemble closely 
the chief cells of the gland necks or of the pyloric glands. The mucous 
membrane of the pouch walls generally was not modified but preserved 
the character normally found in gastric mucosa of the fundus region. 
